1 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30. 2 Outline Why Tropospheric ozone Some chemistry MOZART movies Shirase CCP/SHADOZ Accuracy/Wave-1/Anomalies.

1 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30

2 Outline Why Tropospheric ozone Some chemistry MOZART movies Shirase CCP/SHADOZ Accuracy/Wave-1/Anomalies Scan angle Terrain Height MOZAIC CCP/Models HSV Ozonesondes Climatology N’ville 99 lift and cook HSV STE RAPCD

3 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 What is Tropospheric Ozone and Why Do We Care? Stratospheric ozone protects us from harmful UV radiation Tropospheric ozone is harmful to lifeforms. –Respiratory problems –Skin cancer –Crop damage Sources are both natural and anthropogenic Scale ranges from local to global

4 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Chemistry of Ozone Formation Tropospheric Ozone Formation From Carbon Monoxide CO + OH  CO2 + H H + O 2  HO2 NO + HO2  NO2 + OH NO2 + h  NO + O h < 420 nm O + O 2 + M  O 3 + M Stratospheric Ozone Formation From Chapman Chemistry O2 + h  O + O O + O2 + M  O3 + M O3 + O  2 O2 O3 + h  O + O2

5 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Chemistry of Ozone Formation Tropospheric Ozone Formation From Carbon Monoxide CO + OH  CO2 + H H + O 2  HO2 NO + HO2  NO2 + OH NO2 + h  NO + O h < 420 nm O + O 2 + M  O 3 + M

6 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 MOZART Tropospheric Ozone -- The Movie First, O 3 in green on a horizontal slice at an altitude of ~6km, with CO in red (the isosurface of 200 ppbv (parts per billion)). NOx is added in blue (300 pptv (parts per trillion) isosurface). The horizontal slice is then replaced with the isosurface of 30 ppbv O 3, in green. CO and NOx are products of combustion and high levels can be seen in both industrialized regions (North America, Europe and Asia) and biomass burning regions (Africa and South America). Ozone is produced when CO, NOx and sunlight are all present. Things to watch for:  The location of fires in South America and Africa changes with season.  CO concentrations become high near the North Pole during winter because there is not enough sunlight for the photochemical reactions that destroy it.  High levels of O 3 are seen in the upper troposphere in the tropics as a result of the convection of CO and other chemical species in thunderstorms, and the production of NOx from lightning.

7 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 MOZART References  Brasseur, G.P., D.A. Hauglustaine, S. Walters, P.J. Rasch, J.-F. Muller, C., Granier, and X.X. Tie, MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers 1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,265-28,289, 1998. Hauglustaine, D.A., G.P. Brasseur, S. Walters, P.J. Rasch, J.-F. Muller, L.K. Emmons, and M.A. Carroll, MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers 2. Model results and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,291-28,335, 1998. Hauglustaine, D., L. Emmons, M. Newchurch, G. Brasseur, T. Takao, K., Matsubara, J. Johnson, B. Ridley, J. Stith, and J. Dye, On the Essential Role of NOx from Lightning in the Formation of Tropospheric Ozone Plumes in the Tropics, J. Atmos. Chem., in press,, 2000.

8 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Shirase Indian Ocean Ozone Plume

9 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Figure 4: (A) Ozone from MOZART at 8 km altitude for December 10 conditions (ppbv). The asterisks indicate the location of the Shirase ozone soundings. (B) Lightning NOx emissions from MOZART vertically integrated from the surface to the cloud top (kg-N/km 2 /month). (C) NOx mixing ratio from MOZART at 8 km altitude (pptv). (D) Net ozone photochemical production (24-h average) calculated by MOZART at 8 km for December 10 (ppbv/day).

10 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Figure 3: (A) NOx vertical profiles from MOZART for the source region over southern Africa for December 10 conditions (pptv). The location of the model profile sampling is indicated by the white box in Fig. 4. (B) NO profiles observed during TRACE-A over South America, South Atlantic and southern Africa. (C) Vertical distribution of NO observed during ELCHEM within and about convective clouds over New Mexico. (D) STERAO NO profiles observed in thunderstorms in Colorado.

11 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Figure 6: Calculated ozone change (percent) associated with lightning NOx emissions for January and July conditions.

12 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Effect of Tropical Lightning on Ozone

13 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Tropical Tropospheric Ozone from Clear-Cloudy Pairs (CCP) of TOMS Observations

21 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Accuracy of the TOMS CCP Wave-1 amplitude 1/2 in stratosphere, 1/2 in troposphere Accuracy of the TOMS observations Anomalies in TOMS observations

22 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Wave-1 amplitude 1/2 in stratosphere, 1/2 in troposphere

23 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Wave-1 amplitude 1/2 in stratosphere, 1/2 in troposphere

24 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Accuracy of the TOMS observations

25 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Accuracy of the TOMS observations

26 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Anomalies in TOMS observations

32 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Accuracy of the TOMS CCP Publications Newchurch, M. J., X. Liu, J. H. Kim, Occurrence of Ozone Anomalies over Cloudy Areas in TOMS Version-7 Level-2 Data, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2000. Newchurch, M. J., X. Liu, J. H. Kim, and P. K. Bhartia, On the accuracy of TOMS retrievals over cloudy regions, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2000. Newchurch, M. J., D. Sun, and Jae H. Kim, Zonal wave-1 structure in TOMS tropical stratospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted, 2000.

33 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Scan Angle Method for Tropical Tropospheric Ozone from TOMS Kim, J. H., M. J. Newchurch, and Kunhee Han, Distribution of Tropical Tropospheric Ozone Determined by the Scan-Angle Method Applied to TOMS Measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., accepted, 2001

42 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Lower-tropospheric Ozone Seasonality and Trends Newchurch, M. J., X. Liu, J. H. Kim, Seasonality and Trends of lower- tropospheric ozone derived from TOMS near mountainous regions, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2000.

51 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 MOZAIC Aircraft Measurements of Ozone, NO2, CO, and H2O MOZAIC site.

52 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Model/Measurement Comparisons Tropical tropospheric ozone derived by five different methods along with the mean, maximum, and minimum at each location in September 1997. CCP results from Clear-cloudy Pairs of observations CCD results from our calculation of the Convective Cloud Differential method TOR results from our calculation of the Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TOMS-SAGE) SAGE-CCP results from a hybrid of the CCP method where high clouds are present and SAGE stratospheric ozone where clouds are absent, Scan-angle results from differences of TOMS clear-sky total ozone columns taken at high scan angles and nadir scan angles

54 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Monthly tropical tropospheric ozone calculated by MOZART-2 for 1991.

55 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 The difference between monthly CCP and MOZART tropospheric ozone in 1991.

56 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Monthly tropical tropospheric ozone calculated by the Harvard GEOS-CHEM model in September 1996 – February 1997.

57 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 The difference between monthly CCP and GEOS- CHEM tropospheric ozone in September 1996 - February 1997

58 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Huntsville Ozonesonde Station

59 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Huntsville Ozonesonde Station

60 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Ozonesondes at Huntsville, Alabama, April 1999 - December 2000

61 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Ozonesondes at Huntsville, Alabama, April 1999 - December 2000

70 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 NSSTC Regional Atmospheric Profiling Center for Discovery RAPCD

73 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 NSSTC Regional Atmospheric Profiling Center for Discovery RAPCD MEASUREMENTS Atmospheric profiles of aerosols, gases, winds, temperature Tunable lidar and ozonesondes O3, NO2, H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, NH3, PAN, Isoprene Aerosols and clouds with lidar, sodar, and ceilometer ice/water discrimination with lidar depolarization signals Winds with Doppler lidar, Doppler radar, and sonde Temperature with RASS and sonde Ground-based radiation Column-integrated aerosols and gases with FTIR, MFRSR, Brewer Characteristics of atmospheric aerosols with FTIR and MOUDI Optical properties Chemical composition Water uptake, reactivity with other trace gases

74 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 NSSTC Regional Atmospheric Profiling Center for Discovery RAPCD APPLICATIONS Modeling of Chemistry and Aerosols MODELS-3 regional air pollution Stratospheric/Tropospheric Exchange PBL convection/entrainment/venting Large Eddy Simulation Lightning NOx impact on ozone Regional climate forcing Visual air quality Satellite validation Tropospheric ozone (TOMS, OMI, TES, AIRS, GOME, SCHIMACHY) SO2, HCHO, NO2 Aerosols (MISR, MODIS, NPOESS, TOMS) Winds (GTWS)

75 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 Aerosol radiative forcing

76 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30 NSSTC Regional Atmospheric Profiling Center for Discovery RAPCD APPLICATIONS Diurnal and long-term investigation of ozone and aerosol climatology, horizontal and vertical transport heterogeneous chemistry, including gas to particle conversion cloud venting of chemical pollutants moisture effects on visibility correlation between ozone profiles and synoptic and regional scale weather stratosphere as a source for local and regional ozone pollution. Combine with similar systems in the NE and Rocky Mountains to Investigate large scale budgets and transport of ozone and aerosol assess model predictions Unique in the world as a research tool for both scientists and students.

1 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30. 2 Outline Why Tropospheric ozone Some chemistry MOZART movies Shirase CCP/SHADOZ Accuracy/Wave-1/Anomalies.

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1 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30. 2 Outline Why Tropospheric ozone Some chemistry MOZART movies Shirase CCP/SHADOZ Accuracy/Wave-1/Anomalies.

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