1. Pages - 450-466

2. From the ancient Sumerian civilization, this was their writing system that is most commonly seen today as wedge-shaped symbols written on clay tablets.

3. One of the Persian Empire’s great engineering achievements was the building of these underground canals, to irrigate farmlands with water.

4. A ban on trade, as in the 1973 OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) oil embargo of the West (in response to the Arab-Israeli War.)

5. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians built these large, mud-brick temples; they were shaped like pyramids and rose high over the flat landscape.

6. Tribal territories ruled by an Islamic religious leader (for example, the United Arab Emirates)

7. Islamic law which is based directly from the Quran; shari’ah law can be found in more conservative Islamic countries (such as Saudi Arabia.)

8. A prince or ruler of an emirate, such as Kuwait or Qatar

9. The pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia that all Muslims should take at least once in their lifetime; one of the 5 Pillars of Islam

10. A form of Islam practiced in Oman; it differs from the Shia and Sunni sects in that followers are said to practice a moderate conservatism because they choose their ruler by communal consensus and consent; Oman is the only Islamic country to have a majority Ibadhi population.

11. A territory that is culturally or ethnically different from surrounding larger cultures (such as Armenia)

12. A distinct group of people who are isolated from the main or larger part of the country (such as Azerbaijan)

13. Afghan freedom fighters that fought the Russians after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979