2. Latin American Revolutions AP World History

3. Latin America – Problems/Causes  Geography  Colonial heritage  Rigid Social Order  Peninsulares – Europeans born in Spain  Creoles – colonial born white aristocrats (dominated society)  Mestizos / Mulattos – mixes of Europeans and Indians or slaves  Indians / Descendants of slaves  Slave uprising in Haiti  Catholicism dominated life

5. South America  1810 - Simon Bolivar (Creole from Venezuela)  known as “the liberator” starts a revolt in northern South America  Leads to independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, & Ecuador (was Gran Colombia)  Jose de San Martin (Argentina)  1825 - all of Spanish South America is independent (republics)

6. Brazil  1808 – Napoleon invades Portugal  Rio de Janeiro is made the capital  Pedro I was a liberal ruler - brought reforms in education, military academies, art & medicine  September 1822 – won full independence and chooses constitutional monarchy as form of government  Openly opposed slavery  Did not have to endure a prolonged, bloody revolution

7. Mexico  1810 – Father Hidalgo  wanted political freedom, to end slavery, and improve living conditions for Mexico’s poor  Lead Amerindians & mestizos in armed movement  1811 – insurrection is put down by Spanish army  Hidalgo is captured and executed  1813 – Jose Maria Morelos takes over after Hidalgo declares independence  Captured & executed 1815

8. Mexico  Now led by Augustin de Iturbide  Made himself emperor  Deposed in 1823  1821- full independence declared  Mexico declares itself a republic in 1823  Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, & Honduras follow suit

9. Mexican Continued Instability  1876 – Porfirio Diaz begins 35 year rule of Mexico  eliminated opposition, but encouraged economic growth  1910 – Middle class begins movement for election reform  escalates into 10 year rebellion (Mexican Revolution)  1921 – New constitution written  limited foreign investment, restricted church ownership of property & education reform