1. THE SOUTH AND WEST TRANSFORMED PART II: THE NEW WEST

2. GREAT AMERICAN DESERT

3. THE GREAT PLAINS ► ARID ► LITTLE WATER, TIMBER ► EARLIEST SETTLERS BYPASSED THE PLAINS ► --------------------------------------- ► MINING, TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD COMPLETION (1869) ► BUFFALO DESTRUCTION ► INDIAN DESTRUCTION ► RANGE-CATTLE INDUSTRY ► DRY FARMING & IRRIGATION

4. MINING ACROSS U.S.

5. BOOM AND BUST INDUSTRIES DOMINATE THE AMERICAN WEST ► MINING ► LOGGING ► RANCHING/FARMING ► RAILROADS ► DOT.COM

6. WESTERN SETTLEMENT ► 14 NEW STATES CREATED AFTER CIVIL WAR ► MASS MIGRATION  BLACKS, MEXICANS, CHINESE, INDIANS  AIDED BY RAILROADS: 200,000 MILES BY 1897 ► HOMESTEAD ACT (1862)  10% ALL LANDS IN U.S. SETTLED THIS WAY ► OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH (1889)  2 MILLION ACRES CLAIMED IN ONE DAY

7. CERTIFICATE OF HOMESTEAD GIVEN UNDER HOMSTEAD ACT NEBRASKA (1868)

8. OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

9. INDIANS VS. U.S. GOVERNMENT ► 1860-1890 ► TREATIES SIGNED, VIOLATED: ENDLESS CYCLE ► SAND CREEK MASSACRE (1864) ► BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN/CUSTER’S LAST STAND (1876) ► BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE (1890) ► SIOUX TRIBE LED FIGHT AGAINST U.S. GOVERNMENT

10. BUFFALO ► 1750 – 30 MILLION BUFFALO IN U.S. ► 1850 – LESS THAN 10 MILLION ► 1900 – ONLY A FEW HUNDRED LEFT (ALMOST EXTINCT) “EVERY BUFFALO DEAD IS AN INDIAN GONE” --COLONEL RICHARD DODGE, U.S. ARMY

12. I saw the bodies of those lying there cut all to pieces, worse mutilated than any I ever saw before; the women cut all to pieces... With knives; scalped; their brains knocked out; children two or three months old; all ages lying there, from sucking infants up to warriors... By whom were they mutilated? By the United States troops... ” —- John S. Smith, Congressional Testimony of Mr. John S. Smith, 1865

13. CUSTER’S LAST STAND, 1876

14. SCENE OF CUSTER’S LAST STAND; PILE OF BONES

15. GHOST DANCE WOVOKA, PAIUTE LEADER; LEADER OF GHOST DANCE GHOST DANCE – SPIRITUAL DANCE WHERE DEAD WOULD RETURN AND LIFE WOULD BE RESTORED TO THE DAYS OF OLD

16. SIOUX TRIBE IN COSTUME FOR CEREMONIAL DANCE

17. BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE MASS GRAVE FOR DEAD AT WOUNDED KNEE

19. Big Foot (Sitanka), a Miniconjou Sioux of Cheyenne River Reservation, South Dakota

20. THE CORPSE OF BIG FOOT AFTER BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE

21. BIG FOOT’S CAMP AFTER BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE, 1890

22. DAWES ACT ► 1887 ► GRANTED CITIZENSHIP AND LAND OWNERSHIP TO INDIANS ► LAND IN TRUST OF TRIBE FOR 25 YEARS, THEN INDIANS BECOME FULL CITIZENS ► 1887-1934- TRIBES LOST 86 OUT OF 130 MILLION ACRES OF LAND

23. FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER’S THESIS ► 1890- END OF THE FRONTIER ACCORDING TO THE U.S. CENSUS ► TURNER WROTE “THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY” ► DELIVERED TO THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION IN 1893 ► THE FRONTIER SHAPED THE AMERICAN CHARACTER  AMERICAN RUGGGED INDIVIDUALISM SHAPED BY EXPERIENCES ON THE FRONTIER