1. Prepared by, SEETHA U R

2.  An enzyme is a biocatalyst which accelerates biological reactions  It includes the pure enzyme,crude cell extract,viable plant cells,viable animal cells,viable microbial cells and non viable microbial cells  Enzymes are proteins(Apoenzyme) or proteins combined with chemical groups

3.  Chemical groups are known as coenzymes  If the chemical group is a metal ion,then it is known as cofactors  Holoenzyme = Apoenzyme + Coenzyme

4.  The source of enzymes are microorganisms, higher plants and animals  Animal enzymes: Lipases,tripsin,rennets,etc  Plant enzyme: Papain,proteases,amylases and soybean lipoxygenase,etc

5. Secreted out the cell Secreted within the cell Extracellular Enzymes Intracelular enzymes

6.  Extra cellular enzymes: Cellulase,Polymethyl galacturonase,Poly galacturonase,pectin methyl esterase,etc  Intra cellular enzymes: Invertase,uric oxidase,asparaginase,etc

7. Bacteria Enzyme Bacillus cereus Penicillinase B.Coagulans α- amylase B.licheniformisα –amylase,protease B.megateriumPenicillin acylase Citrobactor spp. L-asparaginase E.coli Penicillin acylase,β-galactosidase Klebseilla pneumoniaePullulanase

8. Fungi Enzyme Asparagillus flavusUrate oxidase A.niger Amylase,Protease,Pectinase,Glu cose oxidase A.oryzaeAmylases,Lipases,Protease Aurobasidium pullulansEsterase,Invertase Candila lipolyticaLipase Mucor micheli and M.pusillus Rennet Neurospora crassaTrysinase

9. Fungi Enzyme Penicillium funiculosum Dextranase P.notatum Glucose oxidase Rhizopus sp. Lipase Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S.fragilis Invertase Trichoderma veesei and T.viride Cellulase Actinomycetes Enzyme Actinoplanes sp. Glucose isomerase Fungi Enzyme Penicillium funiculosum Dextranase P.notatum Glucose oxidase Rhizopus sp. Lipase Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S.fragilis Invertase Trichoderma veesei and T.viride Cellulase Actinomycetes Enzyme Actinoplanes sp. Glucose isomerase

10.  Therapeutic uses ◦ used to rectify inborn errors of metabolism occur due to missing of enzyme ◦ In most of the cases certain diseases are treated by administering the appropriate enzyme ◦ Eg: asparaginase,papain,etc

11.  Analytical uses ◦ Enzymes are generally used for end point and kinetic analysis ◦ End point analysis refers to total conversion of substrate into products in the presence of enzymes,while kinetic analysis involves the rate of reaction and substrate/product concentration ◦ Eg: alkaline phosphatase,β-galactosidase, β-lactamase,etc

12.  Manipulative uses ◦ Variety of enzymes isolated from different sources are applied in genetic engineering as a biological tool,for example in cloning ◦ Enzymes used:DNA ligase,DNA Pol1,alkaline phosphatase, Restriction enzymes,Reverse transcriptase,Terminal transferase,etc

13.  Diary Industry ◦ Enzymes are widely used in manufacturing processes in diary industry ◦ Lactase is used for hydrolysis of lactose in milk ◦ Lipase is used for flavour development in cheese

14.  Detergent industry ◦ Enzymes are used in detergnet manufacturing in view of removal of proteinaceous dirt ◦ Usually alkaline serine protease and serine protease are used for this purpose

15.  Starch industry ◦ Enzymes are used for the conversion of starch ◦ Mainly used in Glucose conversion to fructose Glucose isomerase Glucose Fructose isomerization

16.  Wine industry ◦ Enzymes are used for high yeild and product quality ◦ Usually pectic enzymes are used ◦ Eg:Pectin transeliminase,pectin esterase,poly galacturonase,poly methyl galacturonase,etc

17.  Pharmaceutical industry ◦ Enzymes are used for the production of semisynthetic penicillin and fructose syrup ◦ Usually penicillin G/V, Glucose isomerase,etc are used for this purpose