2. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 “Anybody can make history. Only a great man can write it.” - Oscar Wilde On average, a Tupperware party is held somewhere in the world about every two seconds.

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4. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Main Idea In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance

5. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 1300, Black Death, starvation, warfare had overtaken Europe Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life may have led to changes of the 1300s Decrease in population led to: –Increase in food production –Decline in food prices –More money to spend –Specialization in products Changes in Society Urban areas specialized, particularly in Italy Italy divided into several large city- states in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, artisans dominated society in city-states Many sought to display new wealth with knowledge of arts The Rise of City-States The Beginning of the Renaissance

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8. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Venice

9. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Venice

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14. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Milan

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18. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Florence

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22. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Question: How did society and cities change in the 1300s? Answer(s): Specialization in agriculture increased, resulting in more trade; urban areas became centers of commerce; merchants and artisans became important; some cities became displays of wealth.

23. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known as the Renaissance, French for “rebirth.” Venetian ships carried goods for trade and Greek scholars seeking refuge Scholars brought ancient works thought to be lost Inspiration from the Ancients Italians who could read looked for more information Read Arabic translations of original texts Searched libraries, found lost texts New World of Ideas As they read, began to think about philosophy, art, science in different ways Began to believe in human capacity to create, achieve Different Viewpoints Renaissance Ideas

24. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Roots traced to work of Dante; work contained glimpses of what would become focus on human nature Historians believe Renaissance began with two humanists who lived after Dante—Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch Both wrote literature in everyday language not Latin Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy Roots Interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture Characteristics of good education Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek Subjects came to be known as humanities, movement they inspired known as humanism Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment Humanities Humanism

25. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Dante, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Francesco Petrarch

26. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 A Portrait of Savonarola By Fra Bartolomeo, 1498. Dominican friar who decried money and power. Anti-humanist  he saw humanism as too secular, hedonistic, and corrupting. The “Bonfire of the Vanities,” 1497. /Burned books, artwork, jewelry, and other luxury goods in public. /Even Botticelli put some of his paintings on the fire!!

27. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Execution of Savonarola, 1452

28. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Early 1500s life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious Church no longer served as source of stability, peace Form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas; focus was secular, was worldly rather than spiritual Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities. Service Ideal Renaissance man came to be “universal man,” accomplished in classics, but also man of action, who could respond to all situations. Renaissance Man Secular Writers

29. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 How to Act Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione wrote book, The Courtier Described how perfect Renaissance gentleman, gentlewoman should act Book includes fictional conversation between duke, guests How to Rule Philosopher, statesman Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote influential book Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince Castiglione’s Advice Castiglione gave nobles new rules for refined behavior in humanist society Speak of serious, as well of amusing subjects; know Latin, Greek Be well-acquainted with poetry, history; be able to write prose, poetry Examples of Renaissance Men

30. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Baldassare Castiglione

31. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Niccolò Machiavelli

32. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Machiavelli Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers” Advises rulers to separate morals from politics –Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism –Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power, even if cruel Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy

33. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Scientific Information Humanists searched archives, Arab translations for classical texts Discovered wealth of scientific information Scientific Challenges Science soon became important avenue of inquiry Church’s teachings about world were challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe Natural World Focus of Renaissance on human sciences, history, politics, geography New ideas about natural world began to be explored also Earth, Sun Nicholas Copernicus said Sun was center of universe Galileo Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth orbited Sun Science of the Renaissance

34. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Nicholas Copernicus

35. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Galileo Galilei

36. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Galileo Galilei

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38. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Question: What were some important new ideas of the Renaissance? Answer(s): inspiration from the ancient Greeks and Romans; humanism; secular focus; new theories in science

39. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible. The arts a reflection of the new humanist spirit Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature Medieval times, anonymous artists who worked for church created art Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price Buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church Patrons of the Arts Renaissance Art Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, modernity through purchase of artworks Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others Competition Among Patrons

40. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Medici and Sforza

41. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Lorenzo the Magnificent 1478 - 1521 Cosimo de Medici 1517 - 1574

42. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Religious paintings focused on personality Humanist interest in classical learning, human nature Building design reflected humanist reverence for Greek, Roman culture Classical architecture favored Classical Influence Studied perspective, represented three- dimensional objects Experimented with using color to portray shapes, textures Subject matter changed; artists began to paint, sculpt scenes from Greek, Roman myths Artists Methods Styles and Techniques

43. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times.

44. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! Perspective! Perspective! The Trinity Masaccio 1427 What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

45. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1Perspective

46. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture!

47. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Edges Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Chiaroscuro Sfumato

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50. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism  free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c)

51. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 David by Donatello 1430 - First free-form bronze since Roman times The Liberation of Sculpture

52. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436 Architect Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore

53. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. –Used unique architectural concepts.  He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome.  Used ribs for support.

54. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Brunelleschi’s Dome

55. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Comparing Domes

56. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Other Famous Domes Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

57. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Highly talented in all fields, was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes Best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Studied anatomy Age 24, won fame with Pietà, sculpture of Jesus’ mother Mary holding son’s dead body Sculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortality Michelangelo Marble statue of David Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel, 1508-12 Scenes from Old Testament considered one of greatest achievements in art history Sculpture, Painting Leonardo da Vinci

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64. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Virgin of the Rocks Leonardo da Vinci 1483-1486

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68. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 horizontal vertical The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498

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71. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1  15c 16c  What a difference a century makes!

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75. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Renaissance architecture reached height with work of Donato Bramante Had already achieved fame when chosen architect of Rome Design for St. Peter’s Basilica influenced appearance of many smaller churches Bramante Raffaello Sanzio, became known as Raphael Renowned painter, accomplished architect Most famous work, The School of Athens, fresco—painting made on fresh, moist plaster Also well known for many paintings of the Madonna, mother of Jesus Raphael Other Artists

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79. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Raphael’s Madonnas Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna

80. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna Raphael’s Madonnas

81. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The School of Athens 1510-1511

82. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Raphael Da Vinci Michelangelo

83. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now]. Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm].

84. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Averroes Hypatia Pythagoras

85. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Zoroaster Ptolemy Euclid

86. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Liberation of St. Peter by Raphael, 1514

87. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485 An attempt to depict perfect beauty.

88. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512 Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Rossi by Raphael, 1518-1519

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98. Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Question: What was the ideal of Renaissance art? Answer(s): capturing human personality, realism, human form