2. Introductions Introductions Definitions of terms Definitions of terms The basics The basics What causes cancers? What causes cancers? How do Cancers develop? How do Cancers develop? What are the risk factors for cancers? What are the risk factors for cancers? Prevention Prevention Conclusions Conclusions

3. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million (around 13% of all deaths) in 2008 Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million (around 13% of all deaths) in 2008 Lung, stomach, liver, colon and breast cancer cause the most cancer deaths each year. Lung, stomach, liver, colon and breast cancer cause the most cancer deaths each year. The most frequent types of cancer differ between men and women. The most frequent types of cancer differ between men and women. About 30% of cancer deaths are due to the five leading behavioral and dietary risks: high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use. About 30% of cancer deaths are due to the five leading behavioral and dietary risks: high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use. INTRODUCTIONS

4.  In today’s world, age of incidence of many cancers are falling  Regional distribution lines are blurring, as many parts of the world are increasingly adopting the life-styles of others  Though, many cancers occur with advancing age, all age groups are affected  Mostly, parts of the body with rapidly dividing cell are more prone to cancers, although no part is completely immune INTRODUCTIONS

5. Cancer: "an abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change” Tumour (Neoplasm): an abnormal swelling, growth. It may or may not be a cancer. Oncogene: an abnormal gene which initiates carcinogenesis when triggered by a potent carcinogen TNF: Tumour necrosis factor Definition of terms

6.  Tumours of solid body structures are generally referred to as Cancer; while those of blood components are called Leukaemias  Carcinogen: any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causingcancer.  Apoptosis: Programmed cell death  Co-carcinogens are chemicals that do not necessarily cause cancer on their own, but promote the activity of other carcinogens in causing cancer. Definition of terms

7. The Basics: the human cell

8. The Basics: the Chromosome

9. The Basics

10.  Unknown  Age  Carcinogens  Radiations  Infections What are the causes of Cancers?

12. How cancers develop…

15. Tobacco Tobacco Cigarette smoking is still a common habit worldwide, more so in the developing world Cigarette smoking is still a common habit worldwide, more so in the developing world Contains several chemical substances, including nicotine and aflatoxin Contains several chemical substances, including nicotine and aflatoxin Gradual, persistent assault on sub-cellular structures induce cancerous mutation Gradual, persistent assault on sub-cellular structures induce cancerous mutation Association between cigarette smoking and some cancers are a scientific conclusion (>85%!) Association between cigarette smoking and some cancers are a scientific conclusion (>85%!) It causes lung, kidney, stomach and other cancers It causes lung, kidney, stomach and other cancers

17. Alcohol Alcohol Physical contact causes damage to normal mucosa Physical contact causes damage to normal mucosa Alcohol activates intracellular epithelial-to-messenchymal transition, a critical step in neoplasia Alcohol activates intracellular epithelial-to-messenchymal transition, a critical step in neoplasia Alcoholic (fatty) liver, end-stage cirrhosis oesophageal cancer and PLCC are but a few inevitable repercussions of chronic alcohol use Alcoholic (fatty) liver, end-stage cirrhosis oesophageal cancer and PLCC are but a few inevitable repercussions of chronic alcohol use

20. Highly processed foods when metabolised release many reactive species damaging to cells Highly processed foods when metabolised release many reactive species damaging to cells Increased intestinal transit time prolong contact of toxic residues with alimentary mucosa… metaplasia Increased intestinal transit time prolong contact of toxic residues with alimentary mucosa… metaplasia Smoked, roasted, and high heat- cooked foods contain nitrosamines, aflatoxin, and other carcinogens Smoked, roasted, and high heat- cooked foods contain nitrosamines, aflatoxin, and other carcinogens

26. The hands of the Clock ticks over everything living The hands of the Clock ticks over everything living Body tissues, and the genetic control over their activities EVENTUALLY wind up Body tissues, and the genetic control over their activities EVENTUALLY wind up More than 90% of men above 90years already have prostate cancer More than 90% of men above 90years already have prostate cancer Luckily, most will die with it, and not of it! Luckily, most will die with it, and not of it!

29. Natural –Excessive exposure to sunlight, eg in albinos Artificial –Industrial –Military –Research –Medical: investigative, therapeutic

34. Natural mechanisms (TSgenes, TNF, several IL’s) take care of many potential CA’s before they manifest Much information has been gathered about cause, course, prevention and possible treatments of many cancers

35. Healthy living General knowledge and public enlightenment Modifying and avoiding risk factors Vaccination eg., against HPV Screening Early detection and treatment

36. Incidence of cancers is increasing, as age of onset is falling Cancers result mostly from a hostile interaction between man and his environment Much is now known about cancers, and many are now potentially curable Natural diets, healthy living and protection of the environment go a long way in prevention