1. COMP311A Computer Systems Architecture Murray Pearson Office: G1.28A Email: mpearson@cs.waikato.ac.nzmpearson@cs.waikato.ac.nz

2. COMP311A - 2003 Course Web Page http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/Teaching/COMP311A Lectures Tuesday 4 – 6pm, GB.21 Wednesday 2 – 3pm, GB.21 Friday 9 – 10am, SB.03 Textbook Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, Second Edition, Patterson and Hennessy Excellent and essential part of the course

3. COMP311A – 2003 Assignments (30%) Six each worth 5% Test (20%) 90 Minutes (Tuesday 6th May) during lecture time Exam (50%) 3hrs closed book – date and time to be set Class Representatives

4. Overview 201 Introduction to how a computer operates Only small emphasis on issues that affect performance 311 how to analyse their performance (or how not to!) issues affecting modern processor design (caches, pipelines)

5. Topics Introduction and Performance Instruction Set Issues Design Components Single cycle per instruction CPU Multi-cycle implementation Pipelined Implementation Hardware Description Language Intro Memory caching I/O

6. Introduction Rapid Advances in Computer technology first stored program computer ran 1st program 50 years ago First phase may end about 2005

7. History Babbage (The Father/Great Uncle of Computing) 1791 - 1871 Designed a General purpose Computer Machine controlled by punched cards stung together like punched paper tape Location in Data store numbered For control he devised a system rotating barrels with projecting studs (barrels could step forward or backwards an arbitary number of steps Next significant step not til 1945

8. History ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Intergrator and Calculator) was operting in 1945 Designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly 18,000 Valves Was programmable and had conditional Jumps Programmed using a set of plugs and switches

9. History In 1944 John von Neumann and others joined the team Ideas they came up with can be summarized as: Electronic Operation Binary Instruction set as user interface Serial execution of instructions Single Memory Modification and construction of instructions Paper published only had Von Neumanns name on

10. History This led to a whole series of machines being developed: Mark-I built at the University of Manchester EDSAC by Maurice Wilkes of Cambridge University …

11. Technology Improvements Techologies used in Computers over time 1951 – Vacuum Tube 1965 – Transistor 1975 – Integrated Circuit 1995 – Very Large Scale Circuit Rate of increasing integration has been very constant over time

12. DRAM Capacity  1998 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

13. Performance Increases Sun4 Dec Alpha R2000 R3000IBM Power2 HP 9000 IBM Power1

14. Characteristics over Time YearNameSize (cu. Ft.) Power (watts) Performance (adds/sec) Memory (KB) Adjusted price (1996$) Adjusted price/perfomance 1951UNIVAC11000124,5001,900484,996,7491 1964IBM S/360 model 50 6010,000500,000644,140,257318 1965PDP-88500330,00466,07113,135 1976Cray-15860,000166,000,00032,7688,459,71251,604 1981IBM PC1150240,0002564,081154,673 1991HP9000 /model 750 250050,000,00016,3848,15616,122,356 1996Intel Ppro PC 2500400,000,00016,3844,400239,078908

15. Chip Manufacture

16. Software Technology Designers must also be aware of software technologies Mixes of instructions generated by compilers Locality of reference (memory hierarchy)

17. Price/Performance Other areas designers must be aware of: Target markets Price Performance Price/performance

18. Parting Thought Compare with transport industry If similar advances made the travel coast to coast in US in 5 seconds for 50 cents