2. What is Nationalism?

3. Essential Question: What were the causes and effects of Nationalism in Europe?

4. What makes America unique? What makes America “America?”

6. Refresher What is a nation-state? An independent, political unit of people that share a common culture and identity People (culture, language, religion, history) Territory Government Sovereignty

7. Congress of Vienna- 1814 Goal: Establish long-lasting peace and stability in Europe After the fall of Napoleon Growth of five Great Powers Great Britain France Austria Prussia Russia The Crimean War

8. Europe: 1815 The only nation- states: France England Spain

9. Nationalism The belief that people should be loyal to their nation– the people with whom they share a culture and history Rather than a king or empire Desire of a people to have a nation of their own One of the strongest political forces of the 1800s

10. UnificationSeparationState-Building Combines (merges) divided land that has a similar culture Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state (or attempts to break away from a state) Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture Examples: Italy and Germany Examples: Greeks in the Ottoman Empire Examples: United States and Turkey Types of Nationalism

11. Italy Italy wasn’t a politically unified nation It was a geographic concept

12. Italian Leaders Camillo di Cavour Aristocrat (upper class) Family was politically powerful Named Piedmont-Sardinia’s prime minister Encouraged other Italian states to unify Became first prime minister of unified Italy Known as the “architect” of Italian unification Giuseppe Garibaldi Italian soldier Italian nationalist Member of the Risorgimento “Red Shirts” Guerilla fighters Known as the “sword” of Italian unification

13. Unification of Italy- 1871 Unification efforts begin as early as 1815 Groups begin forming between 1815 and 1848 Two main roadblocks to unification: The Austrian Hapsburgs Catholic Church (opposed unification) Kingdom of Italy formed in 1861 Two remaining states to unify First came in 1866; Second in 1870 Italian national state established in 1871 Catholic church was alienated from new nation (Vatican City) Pope Pius IX

16. Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister to Prussia’s Wilhelm I From the aristocracy (wealthy, upper class) Conservative (Junker) Saw nationalism as a way to solidify and strengthen conservative power

17. Realpolitik Realpolitik: “’the politics of reality’– the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism” “any means necessary” to achieve the objectives Built upon Machiavellian ideas

18. Unification of Germany- 1870 German peoples had a shared ethnicity, culture, and language Prussia (to the north): Protestant Southern Germans: Catholic Railroads- unified states economically and increased trade

19. Franco-Prussian War Bismarck was an expert at creating “incidents” that produced reactions French declared war on Prussia in July 1870 Catholic, southern Germans rallied around the Prussian cause Prussians win the war and become the German empire Known as the Second Reich Kaiser Wilhelm I; Chancellor Bismarck Otto von Bismarck and Wilhelm I

20. What comes next? Effects of Nationalism New, unified nations growing in power… Industrialized, mechanized Europe What might they want now? Nationalism will play a huge role in the early 1900s… World War I

21. Essential Question What were the causes and effects of Nationalism in Europe?

22. Unification Timelines Directions : Materials you should have: Ziploc baggies with 1 glue stick and strips of colored paper; a strip of Butcher paper; your textbook Using your textbooks, look up the dates of each event (a colored strip of paper). Write the date on the line next to the event. TEXTBOOK PAGE NUMBERS: pgs. 260-263 Create a timeline: Label a timeline start year and end year Glue the dates along your timeline in chronological order Glue the famous quotes of unification leaders along the timeline BE SURE TO PUT YOUR PAIR’S NAMES AND CLASS PERIOD ON THE BACK OF THE TIMELINE.

23. Timeline Events The Italian kingdom adopts a liberal constitution. Sardinia’s king, Victor Emmanuel II, names Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister French emperor Napoleon II Napoleon III agrees to help drive Austria out of northern Italian provinces. Giuseppe Garibaldi leads a small army of Italian nationalists to capture Sicily. The outfits worn by the group during this operation led them to be called the “Red Shirts.” Venetia (an Austrian province) becomes a part of Italy. Italian forces take over the last part of the territory known as the Papel States. This places the city of Rome under Italian control. The unified Italian national state is formed. “I offer neither pay, nor quarters, nor food; I offer only hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death. Let him who loves his country with his heart, and not merely with his lips, follow me.” -Giuseppe Garibaldi The German Confederation was loosely formed of 39 German states. Berlin rioters force constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom Wilhelm I succeeded Frederick William to the Prussian throne. Wilhelm I names Otto von Bismarck to be his prime minister Prussian and Austria form and alliance and go to war with Denmark, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck Austria declares war on Prussia, starting a conflict known as the Seven Week’s War. The French declare war on Prussia, due to some prodding by Otto von Bismarck. King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned as Kaiser at the Palace of Versailles, creating a unified Germany known as the Second Reich. “The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by iron and blood.” –Otto von Bismarck “Anyone who has ever looked into the glazed eyes of a soldier dying on the battlefield will think hard before starting a war.”- Otto von Bismarck