1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Important Stuff (section 003) The Final Exam is Tuesday, December 17, 8:00- 10:00 AM The Final Exam will be given in: A – K Physics 166 (this room) L – Z Admundson Hall B75 (not this room) Bring 2 pencils and a photo-id. In accordance with the syllabus (boldface), “You are allowed to bring in a 8.5x11 (inch) page with notes on both sides … no calculators”. Test consists of 10 True/False and 60 Multiple Choice questions. 20% on questions from second midterm, 80% from Chapters 14-18 and 6.5.

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Important Stuff (section 004) The Final Exam is Monday, December 16, 6:30- 8:30 PM The Final Exam will be given in Physics 150 A – Z Physics 150 (NOT this room) Bring 2 pencils and a photo-id. In accordance with the syllabus (boldface), “You are allowed to bring in a 8.5x11 (inch) page with notes on both sides … no calculators”. Test consists of 10 True/False and 60 Multiple Choice questions. 20% on questions from second midterm, 80% from Chapters 14-18 and 6.5.

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 17 The Beginning of Time

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. What were conditions like in the early universe?

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The universe must have been much hotter and denser early in time. Estimating the Age of the Universe

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The early universe must have been extremely hot and dense.

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Photons converted into particle–antiparticle pairs and vice versa. E = mc 2 The early universe was full of particles and radiation because of its high temperature.

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the history of the universe according to the Big Bang theory?

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Defining Eras of the Universe The earliest eras are defined by the kinds of forces present in the universe. Later eras are defined by the kinds of particles present in the universe.

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thought Question Which of the four forces keeps you from sinking to the center of Earth? A. Gravity B. Electromagnetism C. Strong Force D. Weak Force

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thought Question Which of the four forces keeps you from sinking to the center of Earth? A. Gravity B. Electromagnetism C. Strong Force D. Weak Force

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity Do forces unify at high temperatures?

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity Do forces unify at high temperatures? Yes! (Electroweak)

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity Do forces unify at high temperatures? Maybe (GUT) Yes! (Electroweak)

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity Do forces unify at high temperatures? Maybe (GUT) Yes! (Electroweak) Who knows? (String Theory)

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Planck Era Time: < 10 -43 s Temp: > 10 32 K No theory of quantum gravity All forces may have been unified

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. GUT Era Time: 10 -43 –10 -38 s Temp: 10 32 –10 29 K GUT era began when gravity became distinct from other forces. GUT era ended when strong force became distinct from electroweak force.

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Electroweak Era Time: 10 -10 –10 -10 s Temp: 10 29 –10 15 K Gravity became distinct from other forces. Strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces may have been unified into GUT force.

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Particle Era Time: 10 -10 –0.001 s Temp: 10 15 –10 12 K Amounts of matter and antimatter are nearly equal. (Roughly one extra proton for every 10 9 proton–antiproton pairs!)

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Era of Nucleosynthesis Time: 0.001 s–5 min Temp: 10 12 –10 9 K Began when matter annihilates remaining antimatter at ~ 0.001 s. Nuclei began to fuse.

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Era of Nuclei Time: 5 min–380,000 yrs Temp: 10 9 –3000 K Helium nuclei formed at age ~3 minutes. The universe became too cool to blast helium apart.

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Era of Atoms Time: 380,000 years– 1 billion years Temp: 3000–20 K Atoms formed at age ~380,000 years. Background radiation is released.

24. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Era of Galaxies Time: ~1 billion years– present Temp: 20–3 K The first stars and galaxies formed by ~1 billion years after the Big Bang.

25. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary Evidence for the Big Bang 1.We have detected the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. 2.The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements in the universe.

26. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How do we observe the radiation left over from the Big Bang?

27. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The cosmic microwave background— the radiation left over from the Big Bang— was detected by Penzias and Wilson in 1965.

28. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Background radiation from the Big Bang has been freely streaming across the universe since atoms formed at temperature ~3000 K: visible/IR.

29. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Expansion of the universe has redshifted thermal radiation from that time to ~1000 times longer wavelength: microwaves. Background has perfect thermal radiation spectrum at temperature 2.73 K.

30. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Full Sky in All Wavelengths

31. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. WMAP gives us detailed baby pictures of structure in the universe.

32. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How do the abundances of elements support the Big Bang theory?

33. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Protons and neutrons combined to make long-lasting helium nuclei when the universe was ~5 minutes old.

34. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Big Bang theory prediction: 75% H, 25% He (by mass) Matches observations of nearly primordial gases

35. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Abundances of other light elements agree with Big Bang model having 4.4% normal matter—more evidence for WIMPS!

36. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thought Question Which of these abundance patterns is an unrealistic chemical composition for a star? A. 70% H, 28% He, 2% other B. 95% H, 5% He, less than 0.02% other C. 75% H, 25% He, less than 0.02% other D. 72% H, 27% He, 1% other

37. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thought Question Which of these abundance patterns is an unrealistic chemical composition for a star? A. 70% H, 28% He, 2% other B. 95% H, 5% He, less than 0.02% other C. 75% H, 25% He, less than 0.02% other D. 72% H, 27% He, 1% other

38. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. What aspects of the universe were originally unexplained by the Big Bang model?

39. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Mysteries Needing Explanation 1.Where does structure come from? 2.Why is the overall distribution of matter so uniform? 3.Why is the density of the universe so close to the critical density?

40. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Mysteries Needing Explanation 1.Where does structure come from? 2.Why is the overall distribution of matter so uniform? 3.Why is the density of the universe so close to the critical density? An early episode of rapid inflation can solve all three mysteries!

41. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How does inflation explain these features of the universe?

42. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inflation can make structure by stretching tiny quantum ripples to enormous sizes. These ripples in density then become the seeds for all structure in the universe.

43. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How can microwave temperature be nearly identical on opposite sides of the sky?

44. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Regions now on opposite sides of the sky were close together before inflation pushed them far apart.

45. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The overall geometry of the universe is closely related to total density of matter and energy. Density = Critical Density > Critical Density < Critical

46. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The inflation of the universe flattens the overall geometry like the inflation of a balloon, causing overall density of matter plus energy to be very close to critical density.

47. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. How can we test the idea of inflation?

48. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Patterns of structure observed by WMAP show us the “seeds” of the universe.

49. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Observed patterns of structure in the universe agree (so far) with the “seeds” that inflation would produce.

50. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. “Seeds” Inferred from CMB Overall geometry is flat —Total mass + energy has critical density Ordinary matter ~4.6% of total Total matter is ~28% of total —Dark matter is ~23% of total —Dark energy is ~72% of total Age of 13.7 billion years

51. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. “Seeds” Inferred from CMB Overall geometry is flat —Total mass + energy has critical density Ordinary matter ~4.6% of total Total matter is ~28% of total —Dark matter is ~23% of total —Dark energy is ~72% of total Age of 13.7 billion years In excellent agreement with observations of present-day universe and models involving inflation and WIMPs!

52. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Why is the darkness of the night sky evidence for the Big Bang?

53. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Olbers’ Paradox 1.infinite 2.unchanging 3.everywhere the same then stars would cover the night sky. If the universe were

54. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Olbers’ Paradox 1.infinite 2.unchanging 3.everywhere the same then stars would cover the night sky. If the universe were

55. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The night sky is dark because the universe changes with time. As we look out in space, we can look back to a time when there were no stars.

56. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The night sky is dark because the universe changes with time. As we look out in space, we can look back to a time when there were no stars.