1. Ethical consideration in research Before you move any further look at the ethics ……!

2. Ethical Consideration War crimes after world war II - 1946 Nuremberg code- 1940 – Guidelines to voluntary consent – Withdrawal of subjects from studies – Protection of subjects from suffering, injury, disability, and death Declaration of Helsinki – 1960 – Human research after laboratory tests – Review of research protocols by an independent group – Informed consent – Conducted by professionals -qualified scientifically / medically – Benefits must be more than Risks Revisions in 1975, - 1996

3. Ethical Consideration National Health and Medical Research Council NHMRC – Australia – “Ethical culture” & “Informed consent” Strong ethical culture should demonstrate – honesty and interiority – Respect for human participants, animals and the environment – Good use of public resources in conducting research – Acknowledgement of the others used in research – Responsible communication of the results Informed consent – Self determination – Privacy & dignity – Anonymity & confidentiality – To fair treatment – Protection and discomfort from harm

4. Ethics in research 1.Autonomy 2.Beneficence 3.Non-malificence 4.Privacy 5.Confidentiality 6.Veracity 7.Fidelity

5. 1.Principle of Autonomy Humans have the right to non – interference when making decisions about themselves Forms the basis of ideas about privacy, confidentiality, veracity and consent

6. 2.Principle of Beneficence “I will use treatment for the benefit of the sick, according to my ability and judgment” Hippocratic Oath Conduct is aimed at the good and well being of others Principle requires that practitioners provide both appropriate treatment and an assurance that the treatment will not produce more harm than good

7. 3.Principle of Non-malificence “Above all do no harm” Hippocratic Oath In health care the ethical issues of non- malificence and beneficence are particularly apparent in decisions regarding the institution of dangerous therapy or withdrawal of therapy that is no longer thought to be beneficial.

8. 4.Privacy Safeguarding areas where patient does not want to reveal : – History – Examinations – Investigations

9. 5. Confidentiality Not reveling information collected from the patient without her / his consent : – Verbally – Examination – Records Complicated process Harm vs. benefit Individual Social Use your common sense Inform superiors

10. 6.Veracity Revealing truthful information to the patient: – As a professional – Cultural /social /Medical Personnel Harm vs. Benefit Complicated process Experienced person needed

11. 7.Fidelty Agreement with the patient – Verbal – Non verbal

12. Applying Ethical Considerations in research In research emotional or mental harm to study subjects Even as asking sensitive questions that may violate their privacy Observing without their knowledge Failing to respect certain cultural values, traditions etc. Remedy : – Obtaining permission before study begins – not exploring sensitive questions before developing a good relationship with the informant – Ensuring confidentiality of the data obtained. (name and address)