1. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 1 10/2/2016 Introduction to Electronics

2. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 2 10/2/2016 SIGNALS

3. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 3 10/2/2016 Signals Signal → {Transducer} → Electrical Signal → {Processing (Electronic)} → Information. NortonThevenin

4. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 4 10/2/2016 Time Varying Signal Signals

5. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 5 10/2/2016 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF SIGNALS

6. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 6 10/2/2016 f = 1/T Hz ω = 2πf rad/s Periodic Signals

7. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 7 10/2/2016 Linear System: 1.f(αx)= αf(x) 2.f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) sin(wt) → { Linear System } → α sin(wt+θ) Fourier series or Fourier transform. Frequency Spectrum of Signals

8. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 8 10/2/2016 A symmetrical square-wave signal of amplitude V Frequency Spectrum of Signals

9. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 9 10/2/2016 Frequency Spectrum of the Periodic Square Wave Frequency Spectrum of Signals

10. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 10 10/2/2016 The Frequency Spectrum of a Non-Periodic Waveform Frequency Spectrum of Signals

11. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 11 10/2/2016 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

12. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 12 10/2/2016 Analog and Digital Signals Analog Signal →{Sampling}→ Discrete Time Signal.

13. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 13 10/2/2016 Discrete Time Signal →{Quantization}→Digital Signal. Digital Signal →{Electronics}→ Binary (e.g. 0 V & + 5V) Analog and Digital Signals

14. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 14 10/2/2016 A/D (ADC) & D/A (DAC) Many processing systems contain both analog and digital circuits

15. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 15 10/2/2016 AMPLIFIERS

16. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 16 10/2/2016 Amplifiers The Simplest Processor Signal Amplification Linearity: v o (t) = A v i (t) A: Const Preamplifier (V) & Power amplifier (I)

17. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 17 10/2/2016 Amplifier Circuit Symbols

18. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 18 10/2/2016 The Gain

19. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 19 10/2/2016 Amplifier GainGain in Decibels Voltage Gain (A v )20 log | A v | Current Gain (A i )20 log | A i | Power Gain(A p )A v A i 10 log | A p | The Gain

20. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 20 10/2/2016 The Amplifier Power Supplies → (P O - P I )

21. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 21 10/2/2016 Figure 1.12 An amplifier that requires two dc supplies (shown as batteries) for operation. The Amplifier Power Supplies P dc = V 1 I 1 + V 2 I 2 P dc + P I = P L + P dissipated

22. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 22 10/2/2016 Figure 1.12 An amplifier that requires two dc supplies (shown as batteries) for operation. The Amplifier Power Supplies ή

23. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 23 10/2/2016 Saturation | L – | = | L + | = | V SS | - (1 V or 2 V)

24. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 24 10/2/2016 Saturation

25. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 25 10/2/2016 Nonlinear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing Non-Linearity

26. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 26 10/2/2016 Nonlinear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing Q = Quiescent Point = DC Biasing Point = Operating Point

27. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 27 10/2/2016 Nonlinear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing

28. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 28 10/2/2016 Symbol convention

29. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 29 10/2/2016 CIRCUIT MODELS FOR AMPLIFIERS

30. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 30 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

31. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 31 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

32. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 32 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

33. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 33 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

34. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 34 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

35. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 35 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

36. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 36 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

37. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 37 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

38. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 38 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

39. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 39 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

40. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 40 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

41. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 41 10/2/2016 Voltage Amplifiers

42. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 42 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers

43. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 43 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3

44. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 44 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Compute the voltage gain, the current gain, and the power gain Example 1.3

45. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 45 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers The voltage gain. Example 1.3

46. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 46 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The voltage gain.

47. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 47 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The voltage gain.

48. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 48 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The voltage gain.

49. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 49 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The current gain.

50. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 50 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The current gain.

51. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 51 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The current gain.

52. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 52 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The power gain.

53. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 53 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The power gain.

54. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 54 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The power gain.

55. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 55 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The power gain.

56. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 56 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The power gain.

57. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 57 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Example 1.3 The power gain.

58. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 58 10/2/2016 Cascaded Amplifiers Compute the voltage gain, the current gain, and the power gain Example 1.3

59. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 59 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

60. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 60 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

61. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 61 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

62. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 62 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

63. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 63 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

64. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 64 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

65. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 65 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

66. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 66 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

67. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 67 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

68. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 68 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

69. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 69 10/2/2016 Other Amplifier Types

70. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 70 10/2/2016 Example 1.4

71. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 71 10/2/2016 Example 1.4

72. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 72 10/2/2016 Example 1.4

73. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 73 10/2/2016 Example 1.4

74. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 74 10/2/2016 Example 1.4

75. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 75 10/2/2016 Example 1.4

76. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 76 10/2/2016 Example 1.4

77. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 77 10/2/2016 Example 1.4

78. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 78 10/2/2016 Figure 1.19 (a) Small-signal circuit model for a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). (b) The BJT connected as an amplifier with the emitter as a common terminal between input and output (called a common-emitter amplifier). (c) An alternative small-signal circuit model for the BJT. Example 1.4

79. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 79 10/2/2016

80. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 80 10/2/2016 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS

81. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 81 10/2/2016 Measuring The Amplifier Frequency Response T(ω) ≡ Amplifier Transfer Function

82. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 82 10/2/2016 Amplifier Bandwidth

83. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 83 10/2/2016 Evaluating the Frequency Response of Amplifiers S = ( σ + j ω ) ≡ Laplace Operator = ( j ω ) at Steady State

84. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 84 10/2/2016 Single Time Constant Networks

85. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 85 10/2/2016 LP: Single Time Constant Networks

86. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 86 10/2/2016 LP: Single Time Constant Networks ?

87. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 87 10/2/2016 LP: Single Time Constant Networks

88. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 88 10/2/2016 LP: Single Time Constant Networks

89. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 89 10/2/2016 LP: Single Time Constant Networks

90. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 90 10/2/2016 LP: Single Time Constant Networks

91. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 91 10/2/2016 LP: Single Time Constant Networks

92. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 92 10/2/2016 LP: Single Time Constant Networks ?

93. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 93 10/2/2016 HP: Single Time Constant Networks ?

94. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 94 10/2/2016 HP: Single Time Constant Networks

95. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 95 10/2/2016

96. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 96 10/2/2016 Bode Plot Magnitude Response Phase Response

97. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 97 10/2/2016 Bode Plot: Magnitude Response Corner Frequency

98. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 98 10/2/2016 Bode Plot: Phase Response

99. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 99 10/2/2016 Magnitude Response Plot for STC LPF

100. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 100 10/2/2016 Magnitude Response Plot for STC LPF

101. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 101 10/2/2016 Magnitude Response Plot for STC LPF

102. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 102 10/2/2016 Magnitude Response Plot for STC LPF

103. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 103 10/2/2016 Magnitude Response Plot for STC LPF

104. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 104 10/2/2016 3 dB, Cut off, Critical, Corner Frequency Magnitude Response Plot for STC LPF

105. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 105 10/2/2016 3 dB, Cut off, Critical, Corner Frequency Magnitude Response Plot for STC LPF

106. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 106 10/2/2016 Phase Response Plot for STC LPF

107. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 107 10/2/2016 Phase Response Plot for STC LPF 0 ∞

108. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 108 10/2/2016 Bode Plot for STC HPF

109. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 109 10/2/2016 Bode Plot for STC HPF

110. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 110 10/2/2016 Example 1.5 Calculate A V (ω=0), ω 0 (3-dB), & ω(A V = 0-dB)

111. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 111 10/2/2016 Example 1.5

112. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 112 10/2/2016 Example 1.5

113. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 113 10/2/2016 Example 1.5

114. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 114 10/2/2016 Example 1.5

115. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 115 10/2/2016 Example 1.5

116. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 116 10/2/2016 Classification of Amplifiers Based on Frequency Response

117. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 117 10/2/2016 Capacitive Coupling vs. Direct Coupling (dc) Amplifiers

118. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 118 10/2/2016

119. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 119 10/2/2016 THE DIGITAL LOGIC INVERTER

120. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 120 10/2/2016 Function of the Inverter

121. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 121 10/2/2016 The Voltage Transfer Characteristics

122. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 122 10/2/2016 The Voltage Transfer Characteristics V OL : Output Low Level

123. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 123 10/2/2016 The Voltage Transfer Characteristics V OH : Output High Level

124. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 124 10/2/2016 The Voltage Transfer Characteristics V IL : Max Input Low Level

125. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 125 10/2/2016 The Voltage Transfer Characteristics V IH : Min Input High Level

126. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 126 10/2/2016 The Voltage Transfer Characteristics NM L : Noise Margin for Low Input

127. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 127 10/2/2016 The Voltage Transfer Characteristics NM H : Noise Margin for High Input

128. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 128 10/2/2016 Noise Margins

129. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 129 10/2/2016 The Ideal Voltage Transfer Characteristics

130. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 130 10/2/2016 Inverter Implementation

131. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 131 10/2/2016 Pull-Up (PU) & Pull-Down(PD) Switches

132. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 132 10/2/2016 Another Inverter Implementation

133. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 133 10/2/2016 Power Dissipation Static (On) = (Off) = 0; Dynamic

134. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 134 10/2/2016 Propagation Delay

135. Copyright  Muhammad A M Islam. SBE202A Introduction to Electronics 135 10/2/2016 Propagation Delay