1. Chapter 8 National Power and Diplomacy: The Traditional Approach

2. National Power: The Foundation of National Diplomacy

3. The Nature of Power Power: A political resource Equals national capabilities Multifaceted Tangible and intangible elements Power as money: A political currency Sometimes used in a charitable way Most often used to further self-interest Power as an asset or a tool How much power is enough?

4. Measuring power Difficulties in quantifying, creating a formula

5. Characteristics of Power Power is dynamic, constantly in flux Coercive power Persuasive power Power is both objective and subjective Power is relative: In comparison to whom? Power is situational Power that can realistically be brought to bear varies depending on the situation Power is multidimensional Need to consider all facets and context

6. The Elements of Power The national core

7. National geography Location Topography Size Climate

8. People Population Age distribution Health and education Morale

9. Government Administrative competence Leadership skill

10. The national infrastructure Technological sophistication Transportation systems Information and communications systems

11. The Nature of Diplomacy

12. The Conduct of Diplomacy: A Basic Human Activity—Illustrations U.S.-North Korea nuclear crises of 1993 and 1994 Crises between China and Taiwan in 1996 and 2000 U.S.-Iraq inspection crisis of 1997  1998

13. The Functions of Diplomacy Observing and reporting Negotiating Substantive and symbolic representation Intervention Propaganda

14. The Diplomatic Setting The international system States as actors

15. Diplomatic environment Hostile diplomacy: Armed conflict Adversarial diplomacy: Clash of interests but no armed conflict Coalition diplomacy: When one group of countries with common interests negotiates jointly with one or another group of countries Mediation diplomacy: A third state helps resolve the differences between or among conflicting states

16. The domestic connection Two-level game theory

17. The Conduct of Modern Diplomacy Expanded geographic scope

18. Multilateral diplomacy Travel and communication revolutions Increasing recognition of global concerns Attractive to smaller countries as a way to influence policy Expectations that important international actions will be taken within multilateral organization framework

19. Parliamentary diplomacy Debate, voting, and sovereign equality

20. Democratized diplomacy Diplomats representative of wider segment of society Rise of legislatures, interest groups, and other expressions of popular opinion Public diplomacy aimed at legislatures, interest groups, and other expressions of popular opinion

21. Open diplomacy Strengths and weaknesses of secret diplomacy

22. Leader-to-leader diplomacy (summit meetings) Meetings between heads of state are very common

23. Advantages Symbolic shifts in relations Dramatic breakthroughs can be made False information and stereotypes are dispelled Mutual confidences/friendships may develop

24. Disadvantages Ill-conceived agreements may result when experts are pushed aside Misunderstandings may occur Difficult to reverse (no escape routes) Personal tensions between leaders can damage working relations

25. Public diplomacy Using propaganda

26. Diplomacy as Communication Negotiation Signaling Public diplomacy

27. The Rules of Effective Diplomacy Be realistic Understand the importance of language Seek common ground Be flexible Understand the other side Be patient Leave avenues of retreat open

28. Options for Conducting Diplomacy Direct versus indirect negotiation High-level versus low-level Using coercion versus rewards to gain agreement Being precise versus being intentionally vague Communicating by word versus by deed Linking issues versus treating them separately Maximizing or minimizing a dispute