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Chapter 8 National Power and Diplomacy: The Traditional Approach
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National Power: The Foundation of National Diplomacy
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The Nature of Power Power: A political resource Equals national capabilities Multifaceted Tangible and intangible elements Power as money: A political currency Sometimes used in a charitable way Most often used to further self-interest Power as an asset or a tool How much power is enough?
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Measuring power Difficulties in quantifying, creating a formula
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Characteristics of Power Power is dynamic, constantly in flux Coercive power Persuasive power Power is both objective and subjective Power is relative: In comparison to whom? Power is situational Power that can realistically be brought to bear varies depending on the situation Power is multidimensional Need to consider all facets and context
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The Elements of Power The national core
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National geography Location Topography Size Climate
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People Population Age distribution Health and education Morale
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Government Administrative competence Leadership skill
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The national infrastructure Technological sophistication Transportation systems Information and communications systems
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The Nature of Diplomacy
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The Conduct of Diplomacy: A Basic Human Activity—Illustrations U.S.-North Korea nuclear crises of 1993 and 1994 Crises between China and Taiwan in 1996 and 2000 U.S.-Iraq inspection crisis of 1997 1998
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The Functions of Diplomacy Observing and reporting Negotiating Substantive and symbolic representation Intervention Propaganda
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The Diplomatic Setting The international system States as actors
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Diplomatic environment Hostile diplomacy: Armed conflict Adversarial diplomacy: Clash of interests but no armed conflict Coalition diplomacy: When one group of countries with common interests negotiates jointly with one or another group of countries Mediation diplomacy: A third state helps resolve the differences between or among conflicting states
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The domestic connection Two-level game theory
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The Conduct of Modern Diplomacy Expanded geographic scope
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Multilateral diplomacy Travel and communication revolutions Increasing recognition of global concerns Attractive to smaller countries as a way to influence policy Expectations that important international actions will be taken within multilateral organization framework
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Parliamentary diplomacy Debate, voting, and sovereign equality
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Democratized diplomacy Diplomats representative of wider segment of society Rise of legislatures, interest groups, and other expressions of popular opinion Public diplomacy aimed at legislatures, interest groups, and other expressions of popular opinion
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Open diplomacy Strengths and weaknesses of secret diplomacy
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Leader-to-leader diplomacy (summit meetings) Meetings between heads of state are very common
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Advantages Symbolic shifts in relations Dramatic breakthroughs can be made False information and stereotypes are dispelled Mutual confidences/friendships may develop
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Disadvantages Ill-conceived agreements may result when experts are pushed aside Misunderstandings may occur Difficult to reverse (no escape routes) Personal tensions between leaders can damage working relations
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Public diplomacy Using propaganda
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Diplomacy as Communication Negotiation Signaling Public diplomacy
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The Rules of Effective Diplomacy Be realistic Understand the importance of language Seek common ground Be flexible Understand the other side Be patient Leave avenues of retreat open
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Options for Conducting Diplomacy Direct versus indirect negotiation High-level versus low-level Using coercion versus rewards to gain agreement Being precise versus being intentionally vague Communicating by word versus by deed Linking issues versus treating them separately Maximizing or minimizing a dispute
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