1. Religion, Culture, and Trust FA9550-15-1-0008 PI: Adam B. Cohen (Arizona State University: Psychology) Co-PI: Gene A. Brewer (Arizona State University: Psychology) Senior Personnel: Chris Blais (Arizona State University: Psychology) Steven Corman (Arizona State University: Communication) Roger C. Mayer (North Carolina State University: Organizational Behavior) Matthew L. Newman (Research Now, Dallas TX) AFOSR Program Review: T rust & Influence June 13-17 2016, Arlington VA

2. Trust is Critical in Military Contexts US military needs to cultivate and accurately assess trust and credibility in diverse cultural and religious contexts Trust in multicultural teams where people are truly vulnerable to actions of other team members Religion and culture may affect trust US, Singapore, and Israel Individualism-Collectivism Tightness-Looseness Religious Ingroup-Outgroup Identities Supernatural Monitoring Religious Costly Signaling

3. Costly Signaling and Trust Religion often involves costly signals of commitment to the ingroup which promote trust (Sosis & Alcorta, 2003) –elaborate rituals, charity, sacrifices, circumcision, dietary restrictions, etc. Does the presence of ingroup religious signals increase trust? Does the presence of outgroup costly signals decrease trust?

4. Friending on Facebook 393 Christian undergraduates (308 Protestant, 85 Catholic) 153 male, 240 female Manipulated –religious group –beliefs about God –costly signaling

5. Trust Scale, α =.82 Do you think this person is trustworthy? Would you trust this person with a sensitive secret? Would you lend this person money and expect to get it back? Do you think this person has the ability to be trustworthy? Do you think this person is benevolent? Do you think this person has integrity?

6. Costly Signaling x Religion Interaction F (1,374) = 0.81, p =.37, η p 2 =.002, both p’s ≤.001 Trust Composite (M ± SEM) Christian undergrads rating trustworthiness of…

7. Muslim Participants (n = 287) F interaction (1, 283) = 14.91, p <.001, η p 2 =.05 7

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9. Costly Signal Trust Ability Benevolence Integrity Experiment 1 – Christian Target (n = 416).34*.23*.19*.10.30 1.25* -.30 Mediation effect for Integrity 95% CI [.1234 -.5418] Controlling Propensity to Trust

10. Costly Signal Trust Ability Benevolence Integrity Experiment 2 – Christian and Muslim Targets (n = 267).70.15*.52.36*.99*.25*.35 Mediation effect for Integrity 95% CI [.1216 -.7242] Controlling Propensity to Trust

11. EEG and Autonomic Psychophysiology Model of Trust Decisions 11

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13. Challenge Versus Threat Physiology 13 Emotional and physiological responses to a situation are triggered by cognitive appraisal of the event as a threat or a challenge. Challenge: efficient mobilization of cardiac resources. Blood vessel dilation results in decreased vascular resistance. Threat: inefficient mobilization of cardiac resources. Either no change or an increase in vascular resistance, resulting in increased blood pressure.

14. EEG study 14 Which EEG signals mediate trust/distrust decisions? All “profiles” correctly report the result of the coin flip on 66% of trials

15. Approach 15 Costly Signal YesNo Group Status Ingroup (Christian) Outgroup (Muslim) 52 Christian subjects 26 “interacted with” a Christian who costly signaled and a Muslim who did not (in counterbalanced order). 26 “interacted with” a Muslim who costly signaled and a Christian who did not (in counterbalanced order).

16. EEG results: behavior 16

17. 17 Costly signaling ChristianNon-costly signaling Muslim DV: Correlation between number of trust decisions and dB normalized power 010002000-200 2 4 8 16 32 Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) 010002000-200 2 4 8 16 32 Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) +1 0 correlation r value +1 0 correlation r value

18. 18 010002000-200 2 4 8 16 32 Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) 010002000-200 2 4 8 16 32 Time (ms) Frequency (Hz) +1 0 correlation r value +1 0 correlation r value Costly signaling MuslimNon-Costly Signaling Christian DV: Correlation between number of trust decisions and dB normalized power

19. Costly SignalingNon-Costly Signaling Alpha power between 8-13Hz and 1000-1500ms for distrust minus trust decisions Number of trust decisions

20. ChristianMuslim Alpha power between 8-13Hz and 1000-1500ms for distrust minus trust decisions Number of trust decisions

21. Time Range Costly Signaling Non-Costly Signaling Christian (ingroup) Muslim (outgroup)

22. Summary Religion, often an assumed stumbling block to building trust, can build trust in volatile world environments –People can find outgroup members trustworthy –Costly signaling promotes trust within and across groups, seemingly related to integrity –Counter-intuitive effects of cross-group signaling? Similarity but some nuance across religious groups (Christians, Muslims) EEG predictor of trust decisions 22

23. Publications, Awards, Patents, or Transitions Attributed to the Grant Papers Blais, C., Ellis, D. M., Wingert, K., Cohen, A. B., Brewer, G. A. (in preparation). Trust decisions are mediated by alpha suppression over parietal electrode sites. Ellis, D.M., Mayer, R. C., Cohen, A. B., Brewer, G. A. (in preparation). Costly signaling influence perceptions of trustworthiness: Integrity as a mediator. Corman, S., Wingert, K., Cohen, A. B., & Brewer, G. A. (in preparation). Aristotle was wrong: Dimensions of trust and credibility. Hall, D., Cohen, A. B., Meyer, K. K., Varley, A., & Brewer, G. A.. (2015). Costly signaling increases trust, even across religious affiliations. Psychological Science, 26, 1368-1376. Presentations Cohen, A. B., Hall, D., & Brewer, G. A.. (2015, May). Religious costly signaling increases trust. Invited address delivered in J. L. Preston (chair), Fresh New Findings on the Ancient Topic of Religion, Association for Psychological Science, New York, NY. Blais, C., Ellis, D. M., Wingert, K., Cohen, A. B., & Brewer, G. A. (2016, April). Trust decisions are mediated by alpha suppression over parietal electrode sites. Poster submitted for presentation at Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, New York, NY Northover, S., Bigman, Y., & Cohen, A. B. (2016, January). Both religious believers and nonbelievers report greater trust in an outgroup religious costly signaler. Poster presented at the meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Rayes, D., Cohen, A. B., Brewer, G. A.. (2015, March). Paradox of Healing & Stigmatization: Mental Health Stigma in Arab Culture. Poster presented at the 7th annual Muslim Mental Health Conference, Dearborn, MI. Cohen, A. B. (2015, March). Religion and trust: Aim high! Address delivered to psychology alumni group, ASU. Cohen, A. B., Hall, D., & Brewer, G. A.. (2015, March). Religious costly signaling increases trust. In K. Laurin, chair, Religious dimensions and morality: Perspectives on a multifaceted relationship. Symposium conducted at International Congress on Psych Science conference, Amsterdam. Cohen, A. B., Hall, D., & Brewer, G. A.. (2015, February). Religious costly signaling increases trust. Invited address delivered at Justice preconference of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology conference, Long Beach, CA. Media coverage Neil Farber’s blog in Psychology Today: “Do Christians trust Muslims? A surprising study of good faith.” [Essential Read by the Psychology Today editors, 13 May 2015] 23

24. Project Summary Research Objectives: Elucidate the cultural and religious factors that promote or hinder trustworthiness Examine the neural (EEG) and physiological correlates of trust Refine theory, measurement on factors of trustworthiness Key Findings: People can find outgroup members trustworthy Costly signaling promotes trust within and across groups, surprisingly – related to integrity Similarity but some nuance across religious groups (Christians, Muslims, atheists) EEG predictor of trust decisions Technical Approach: Experimental social psychology Cross-cultural and –religion research EEG techniques Autonomic physiology assessment Benefits to the wider academic or DoD community: Strategies to assess, predict, and cultivate trust in teams in various cultural-religious contexts Begins to suggest religion, often an assumed stumbling block to building trust, can build trust in volatile world environments Project Start Date: 01 Feb 2015 Project End Date: 31 Jan 2018 24