1. Incomplete Dominance: The heterozygous genotype produces a phenoytype that falls in between the dominant trait and the recessive trait. Incomplete Dominance

2. Example: In flowers, petal color demonstrates incomplete dominance. Red results when a flower has homozygous dominant alleles for the trait. White results when a flower has homozygous recessive alleles for the trait. A flower that is heterozygous for this trait will be pink. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring for the following: Rr Genotypic Ratio: 100% Rr Phenotypic Ratio: 100% pink flowers 1. Red and white RR x rr R rrrr

3. Example: In flowers, petal color demonstrates incomplete dominance. Red results when a flower has homozygous dominant alleles for the trait. White results when a flower has homozygous recessive alleles for the trait. A flower that is heterozygous for this trait will be pink. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring for the following: RR Rr Genotypic Ratio: 50% RR 50% Rr Phenotypic Ratio: 50% Red flowers, 50% Pink flowers 2. Red and pink RR x Rr R RrRr

4. Rr rr Genotypic Ratio: 50% Rr 50% rr Phenotypic Ratio: 50% Pink flowers 50% White flowers Genotypic Ratio: 25% RR 50% Rr 25% rr Phenotypic Ratio: 25% Red flowers 50% Pink flowers 25% White flowers RR Rr rr White and Pink rr x Rr r RrRr Pink and Pink Rr x Rr R r RrRr

5. Codominance Codominance: condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring.

6. Example 1: In cows black coat color and white coat color are codominant. Heterozygous offspring will be spotted. 1.Black cow and White cow BB x WW BW B WWWW Genotypic Ratio: 100% BW Phenotypic Ratio: 100% Spotted cow

7. Example 1: In cows black coat color and white coat color are codominant. Heterozygous offspring will be spotted. 2. Black cow and Spotted cow BB x BW BB BW B BWBW Genotypic Ratio: 50% BB 50% BW Phenotypic Ratio: 50% Black cow 50% Spotted cow

8. Example 1: In cows black coat color and white coat color are codominant. Heterozygous offspring will be spotted. 3. Both Spotted cows BW x BW BB BW WW B W BWBW Genotypic Ratio: 25 % BB 50% BW 25% WW Phenotypic Ratio: 25% Black cow 50% Spotted cow 25% White cow

9. Example 2: In blood typing, the gene for type A and the gene for type B are codominant. The gene for type O is recessive. Blood Type (phenotype)Genotype AAA or AO BBB or BO AB OOO

10. Determine the possible blood types of the offspring when: 1. Mother is type O, Father is type A (homozygous) AO O AAAA Genotypic Ratio: 100% AO Phenotypic Ratio: 100% Type A Blood

11. Determine the possible blood types of the offspring when: AA AB AO BO A B AOAO Genotypic Ratio: 25 % AA 25% AO 25% AB 25% BO Phenotypic Ratio: 50% Type A Blood 25% Type AB Blood 25% Type B Blood 2. Mother is type AB, Father is Type A (heterozygous)

12. Determine the possible blood types of the offspring when: AB BO AO OO A O BOBO Genotypic Ratio: 25 % OO 25% AO 25% AB 25% BO Phenotypic Ratio: 25% Type O Blood 25% Type A Blood 25% Type AB Blood 25% Type B Blood 3. Mother is type A (heterozygous), Father is type B (heterozygous)

13. Determine the possible blood types of the offspring when: AB B AAAA Genotypic Ratio: 100% AB Phenotypic Ratio: 100% Type AB Blood 4. Mother is type B (homozygous), Father is type A (homozygous)