1. Lesson objectives To understand: Metabolism Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition Ingestion Absorption Egestion Phagocytosis

2. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs There are two types of organisms: autotrophs and heterotrophs. How do they differ? Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food by photosynthesis. Heterotrophs are organisms who cannot make their own food.

3. Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic nutrition is the process by which an organism produces its own food. Plants take inorganic compounds ( carbon dioxide and water) and convert it to an organic food compound ( glucose). Sun helps this process take place.

4. Structure of Plants Plants have 3 main structural components Root,stem, leaf Leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis.

5. LEAVES Leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis. Veins are located through the leaf and contain xylem and phloem.

6. Veins have Xylem and Phloem Xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves through the stems. The phloem transports food from the leaves (photosynthesis) to the stems and roots.

8. Cross Section of Leaf In the palisade layer, there are lots of chloroplasts. Photosynthesis mainly happens there.

9. In the spongy area, there are a lot of air spaces.

10. Gas exchange  Leaves are designed to allow carbon dioxide to get to the main chlorophyll layer at the top of the leaf.  They have small holes called stomata on the under surface. Each hole is open & closed by 2 guard cells.  The stomata control how much carbon dioxide and water goes in and out. Water also goes in and out here

11. Stoma function is for gas exchange in the leaf Carbon dioxide oxygen Guard cell

12. Stomata open and close at different times of the day When it is light the plant needs CO 2 for photosynthesis so the stoma open At night (darkness) they close

13. Photosynthesis Lesson Objectives Outline the stages of photosynthesis. Describe the chloroplast and its role in photosynthesis. List the steps of the light reactions. Describe the Calvin cycle.

14. Factors that affect photosynthesis Sunlight Water Carbon dioxide

15. Structure A leaf is wide. That helps to bring more light. A leaf is also thin. This helps get carbon dioxide from the bottom to top of leaf for photosynthesis.

16. carbon dioxide + water + light glucose + oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Photosynthesis is the process by which the energy of sunlight is converted into the energy of glucose

17. Homework H.W. for Monday- Page 7: 22 and 23 Page 9:30 Quiz-Thursday (Nutrition of autotrophs and heterotrophs 22. guard cells can regulate the amount of water loss through the leaf. Guard cells carry out photosynthesis. 23. gas exchange – photosynthesis Guard cells change shape Prevent excess evaporation or water on sunny days or prevents entrance of some pollutants 30 If food is not available- the euglena can make its own food. H.W. #1 on page 1

18. Chloroplast OrganellephotosynthesisOrganelle where photosynthesis takes place. Chlorophyll Molecules are located in the thylakoid membranes.

19. Chlorophyll Molecules There are different pigments in thylakoid membrane. Pigments are substances that absorb certain wavelengths of light.

20. Energy is harvested Chlorophyll pigments absorbing wavelengths lue-420 nmChlorophyll pigments produce energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths. Blue-420 nm and Red- 660 nm are most important). Plantsgreen wavelength reflectednot absorbedPlants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

21. Breakdown of Photosynthesis Two main parts (reactions).Two main parts (reactions). 1 st part. Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction Light Dependent Reaction energy solar power(photons) ATPNADPH The light hits the pigments and energy from solar power (photons) in produced in the form of ATP and NADPH.

22. Light Reaction The ATP takes the H 2 O and turns it to Hydrogen and Oxygen. Oxygen is released into atmosphere. H20→H2 + O2

23. Breakdown of Photosynthesis 2 nd part.Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction or Carbon Fixation energy(ATP and NADPH)light reaction takes the carbon from the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen ( from light reaction)sugar (glucose). This happens in the stroma of the chloroplast. The energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction takes the carbon from the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen ( from light reaction) to make sugar (glucose). This happens in the stroma of the chloroplast.

24. 2 steps to photosynthesis H 2 + CO 2 →C 6 H 12 O 6 This reaction takes place in the stroma. No light is needed for this.

25. Summary of how plants make food Water moves up xylem in roots and stem and into leaf where it moves into chloroplasts by osmosis Carbon dioxide enters stomate and diffuses into chloroplasts Energy enters chloroplasts through top of leaf(sun). Glucose is produced in chloroplast and diffuses into vacuole for storage. It goes through phloem to rest of plant. Oxygen diffuses out through stomates.

26. Lesson Objectives Describe cellular respiration. Describe the mitochondrion and its role in aerobic respiration. State the possible number of ATP molecules that can result from aerobic respiration. Vocabulary aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration

27. Cells require a constant source of energy for life processes but keep only a small amount of ATP on hand. Cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy stored in foods like glucose.

28. Cellular Respiration Organisms get energy by breaking the bonds of sugar molecules. The released energy is used to make ATP, which gives all organisms their energy.

29. Cellular Respiration: (2 kinds—Aerobic and Anaerobic) Cellular respiration is the process by which the energy of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life processes (movement, breathing, blood circulation, etc…)

30. Respiration occurs in ALL cells and can take place either with or without oxygen present.

31. Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell Total of 36 ATP molecules produced General formula for aerobic respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy Human cells contain a specialized structure – the mitochondrion – that generates energy.

32. Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell Total of 36 ATP molecules produced General formula for aerobic respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy Human cells contain a specialized structure – the mitochondrion – that generates energy.

33. Anaerobic Respiration: occurs when no oxygen is available to the cell (2 kinds: Alcoholic and Lactic Acid) Also called fermentation Much less ATP produced than in aerobic respiration

34. Alcoholic fermentation—occurs in bacteria and yeast Process used in the baking and brewing industry—yeast produces CO 2 gas during fermentation to make dough rise and give bread its holes glucose ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

35. Lactic acid fermentation—occurs in muscle cells Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles glucose lactic acid + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

36. Cellular Respiration Overview Depends on whether or not there is oxygen Aero = oxygen Aerobic Respiration – makes energy Anaerobic Respiration – Fermentation (makes alcohol)

37. The energy stored in glucose by photosynthesis is released by cellular respiration and repackaged into the energy of ATP. Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are opposite reactions. They are also both important in cycling oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and water through the environment.