1. Relating anostracan distribution to physical habitat characteristics in North America (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) D. Christopher Rogers Kansas Biological Survey/ Biodiversity Institute, Kansas University, Higuchi Hall, 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047-3759 USA; Branchiopod@gmail.com and: University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia

3. Anostracans typically live in seasonally astatic, episodic aquatic habitats

4. Low corner of a agricultural field, Kansas, USA Anostracan habitat converts from upland to wetland to upland Wet Season Dry Season

5. North American Anostracan Bioregions Rogers, D.C. 2014. Anostracan (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) Biogeography I. North American Bioregions. Zootaxa, 3838: 251-275

6. Most studies attempting to define anostracan habitat use standard water quality parameters typically used in limnology pH Dissolved oxygen Turbidity Salinity... and these water quality data are required to be collected for endangered anostracan species surveys in the USA, Canada, Brazil, and Austria!

7. But what does water quality tell us? Organic acid production CO 2 production Dissolved salts diluted Dissolved salts concentrated Organic material concentrated

8. But what does water quality tell us? CO 2 removed O 2 increases pH increases CO 2 returned O 2 decreases pH decreases NIGHT DAY Rainfall and increased wave action will lower pH Evaporation increases pH, alkalinity, TDS, EC

9. But what does water quality tell us? Timms, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005 Branchinella occidentalis Branchinella nicholsi Parartemia sp. Eng et al. 1990 Anostracans and Temperature

10. Water Chemistry is just a snapshot in time Geochemistry drives water chemistry Dilution of geochemical components that drives salinity, hardness and pH (in concert with plants) Geochemistry is more stable and consistent than water chemistry Geochemistry must impose a strong filter on the egg bank

11. Methods Locality data was correlated with the USGS/NRCS Soil Surveys 661 localities encompassing all 68 species and all 9 bioregions. A subset of 100 localities for verification ANOVA, logistic regression

12. Methods Substrate components: – % Gypsum – % Carbonate – Salinity (via electrical conductivity) – Dominant salt cation

13. Results All species had at least one data point: – Some species are only known from one or two localities. Most species had at least ten data points Statistically significant patterns were observed

14. Results Significant differences in substrate geochemistry between the nine North American anostracan bioregions Individual anostracan species each have their own specific tolerance ranges of CaSO4*H2O, CaCO 3, and salinity Geochemistry was a good predictor for species assemblages, even when co-occurring species had different water chemistry needs All species found in rock outcrop pools had CaCO 3 present, regardless of the rock type

15. Results Branchinecta longiantenna Eng et al., 1990 Known from only 8 localities Water chemistry data (Eng et al., 1990; Helm, 1998) Turbidity 52 to 3,000 Total Alkalinity 47 to 882 mg/l Chloride 5 to 420 mg/l Geochemistry data Salinity of 8mS/cm 12 to 25% carbonate Phallocryptus sublettei (Sissom, 1976) Known from 12 localities Water Chemistry (Sublette & Sublette, 1967) Hypersaline lakes Geochemistry 70% gypsum

16. Results Streptocephalus sealii Ryder, 1879 – Widespread from Canada to Mexico, from Pacific to Atlantic, except deserts – Eastern populations lives in 50% higher salinities than western. – Eastern populations lives in 15% higher carbonate than western. Eubranchipus serratus Forbes, 1876 – Widespread through Great Plains (Canada to Texas), and from northern Great Basin Desert intermountain regions, east to the Atlantic. – Western populations lives in 15% higher salinities than eastern. – Eastern populations lives in 40% higher carbonate than western.

17. Streptocephalus coloradensis Streptocephalus sealii Eubranchipus hesperius Eubranchipus serratus

18. Conclusions Anostracan bioregions can be quantitatively defined: Statistically Geomorphologically Geochemically Anostracans have specific tolerance ranges for certain geochemical conditions. These tolerance ranges are static over large geographical areas. Geochemistry is a better habitat characterization tool than water chemistry. Geochemistry is a good predictor for species assemblages, even when co-occurring species have different water chemistry needs. Geochemistry is useful in descrying cryptic species.

19. Thank you !!!! Special Thanks To: Brian Timms, Malte Ebach Ed Martinko, & Martin Thoms, The Crustacean Society and SICB Rogers, D.C. 2014. Anostracan (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) Biogeography I. North American Bioregions. Zootaxa, 3838: 251-275 Rogers, D.C. 2014. Anostracan (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) Biogeography II. Relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the USA. Zootaxa, 3856: 1-49 Rogers, D.C. 2014. Two new cryptic anostracan (Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae, Chirocephalidae) species. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 34: 862-874. Rogers, D.C. & B.V. Timms 2014. Anostracan (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) Biogeography III. Australian Bioregions. Zootaxa, 3881: 453-487.