1. The Empire Strikes Back : The Catholic Reformation (The Counter- Reformation) SOL.3-The Reformation

2. Who represents “the empire” in the Catholic Counter- Reformation?

3. Counter Reformation An attempt to return the Catholic Church more spiritual. Tried to make Catholic doctrines more clear. An attempt to stop Protestantism Pope Paul III worked to reform the Catholic Church against the threat of the Protestant Reformation

4. The Inquisition Paul III also brought the Inquisition to Rome. –Accused heretics were put on trial. –The Inquisition was regarded as an attempt to keep Catholics in the church, not to punish Protestants. They also instituted The Index of Forbidden Books which was a list of books Catholics banned from reading

5. The Council of Trent Council called to address crisis of Reformation. Series of meetings over eighteen year span. Delayed by war, plague, and politics.

6. Purpose of the Council of Trent 1.Ended abuses of indulgences and tightened control within the clergy. 2.Emphasized need for ceremonies. 3.People needed priests because God grants forgiveness through the church. 4.Salvation through church actions AND individual faith.

7. Impact of the Council of Trent Did not seek to heal divide. Made no concessions to Protestants. –actually affirmed beliefs Protestants did not agree with. Further polarized Europe.

8. The Jesuits (“soldiers of the Counter-Reformation”) Jesuits-“The Society of Jesus” Founder- Ignatius de Loyola. taught that a person could create a “new self” through study and discipline

9. Characteristics of the Jesuits Saw selves as defenders of the Pope and spread Catholic doctrine throughout world. Organized like the military. Strict discipline. Preaching slowed spread of Protestantism in France, Germany, and Poland.

10. Cardinal Richelieu Chief advisor to king of France. Wished to make king supreme so attacked Huguenots in France. His actions began the Thirty Years’ War, which was, essentially, a Protestant rebellion against Holy Roman Empire. France, Denmark, and Sweden were also looking for ways to weaken Hapsburgs. RESULT: European nations, except for France, became weak. France abstained from fighting.

11. Peace of Augsburg Ended Thirty Years’ War. Stated that Each German Ruler had right to choose religion in own state. If subjects did not like religion, then move away. Almost every Prince chose Lutheranism.

12. Impact of the Thirty Years’ War By the time France joined the fighting, Germany (Holy Roman Empire) was nearly destroyed. France became the strongest nation in Europe. German princes were independent of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hapsburg family. Protestantism firmly rooted in Europe.