1. UNIT 03: MEDIEVAL EUROPE: EAST & WEST, 600-1450

2. UNIT SUMMARY With the fall of the Roman Empire, the rise of Europe in the west and the Byzantine Empire in the east created the medieval time period. This unit compares the roles of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church on their respective cultures, investigates new political systems such as feudalism, new economic systems such as manorialism, examines the foundations for modern democratic systems with Justinians Law Code and the Magna Carta, and finally, the roles of the Black Death, the Crusades, the Hundred Years War and the Great Schism in the fall of medieval Europe are examined.

3. BIG IDEAS The fall of the Western Roman Empire led to the rise of Europe, manorialism, feudalism and to the increased role of the Roman Catholic Church as a unifying factor. The rise of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire created a new center of power in Eastern Europe. New law codes, such as Justinian's Law Codes and the Magna Carta, laid the foundations for modern democratic systems. The Black Death, the Crusades, the Hundred Years War and the Great Schism contributed to the fall of Medieval Europe.

4. MAJOR CAUSES AND THE MAJOR EFFECTS The review of the spread of Christianity leading to the decline of Rome (including the Roman army no longer able to defend the empire) and the formation of medieval Europe The Council of Nicea setup teachings and expectations of Christianity The Schism between the Eastern Greek Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church

5. MAJOR CAUSES AND THE MAJOR EFFECTS The development of the role of the Church during the Middle Ages in Europe Outside invasions into Europe (Mongols - taught in Unit 5, Huns, Vikings, Franks) The development of the Byzantine Empire and the foundation of Constantinople The development of feudalism and the strong Church, where the lords offered security and local leadership and the Church offered spirituality leadership

6. THE IMPACT OF THE FALL OF ROME ON WESTERN EUROPE The disruption of trade, the collapse of businesses and the destruction brought from the invasions by different invaders The Impact of the Fall of Rome on Western Europe The shift to rural populations (feudalism, manorialism) as cities began to be abandoned

7. THE IMPACT OF THE FALL OF ROME ON WESTERN EUROPE Decline of learning and the loss of common language with invaders who often did not read or write and different dialects developed Governments changed from public and written law to governance through unwritten laws and traditions

8. THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE COLLAPSE OF ROME AND HAN CHINA Corrupt governments in both empires Inter-fighting between political elites The empires were too large in area to control Invasions from hostile nomads Social inequality among the classes Excessive tax burdens on the lower classes Inequitable distribution of lands Decline in morals and values Public health and urban decay Unemployment and inflation

9. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIANITY AS A UNIFYING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTOR Review: the split of the Roman Empire, the renaming to Byzantium, and the new capital of Constantinople Emperor Justinian organization of the law codes and the construction of the Hagia Sophia Missionaries who spread Christian authority throughout Europe (examples - St. Cyril, Methodius, Patrick) and the creation of new religious orders (Cistercian, Benedictine, and Franciscan) The creation of the Holy Roman Empire - Charlemagne being crowned by Pope Leo III, demonstrating the connection between the Church and the empire (state) The Church was a place for stability and security - the shared beliefs bonding the people throughout medieval Western Europe, and a part of the “Age of Faith” where justice systems were based in canon law.

10. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM AND EASTERN ORTHODOXY The Great Schism of 1054 divides the Christian Church into the Eastern Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church in the west. Disagreement stemmed partially from what the power or role of the Pope was In the west, the Roman Catholic Church had services in Latin, priests could not marry, and divorce was not permitted. The Pope had authority over all other bishops, kings, and emperors as well. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the leader is the patriarch, who with the other bishops led. Services were in Greek or the local language, priests could marry, and divorce was allowed under certain circumstances. Looking at monasticism in Western Europe - pay particular attention to the role monasteries offered during the medieval time period.

11. HE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLITICAL/SOCIAL SYSTEM OF FEUDALISM AND THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF MANORIALISM Feudalism – Reciprocal military obligations between members of the warrior nobility in Medieval EuropeConcerning Feudalism: Lords grant parcels of land known as fiefs to lesser knights who are known as vassals, who in turn, provide military service to the lord. Chivalry and fealty between a lord and the vassal relationship. Also, when Rome fell, there was a gap in protection for the people - so they turned to local lords for their protection.

12. Manorialism - the economic portion of feudalism - where the estate, controlled by a lord who gave land and protection to the serfs, who would in turn work the fields and loyalty to their lord. During this time period, the more land you owned, the more wealthy you were. Manors were often self sufficient - because serfs created what the community needed. This can be seen through the open field system. Open field system allowed several different groups to farm strips of the same parcel of land. Peasants lives during this time were harsh - often never going more than 20 miles from where they were born. It was also modelled after the villa system from the Roman Empire.

13. THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF ISLAM ON EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA The Islamic Moors enter into Spain and live there until the Reconquista by Ferdinand and Isabella, during which time there is a golden age for art, architecture, literature, science, and math. During this time, the Muslims stop invading Europe after the Battle at Tours in 732.

14. THE INTERACTIONS AMONG MUSLIM, CHRISTIAN, AND JEWISH SOCIETIES IN EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AFRICA Reconquista would eventually end with the torture, killing, and expulsion of both the Muslims and the Jews Areas such as al-Andalus Cordoba, and areas controlled in southern Italy, had mix of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian faith (where you simply had to pay a tax if you did not convert to Islam.) Muslim invasions of Eastern Europe between 600-900 lead to disorder - which helped bring about the rise of feudalism, or where people looked to local rulers for security.