1. CNS Depressants: Sedative- Hypnotics Chapter 6

2. Introduction to CNS Depressants Why are CNS depressants problematic? -Usually prescribed under physician’s direction -Second most frequently abused prescription drug and sometimes contributes to death due to accidental overdoses -Can cause very alarming and dangerous behavior if not closely monitored Most problems associated with these drugs due to inadequate professional supervision

3. Introduction to CNS Depressants (continued) Why are CNS depressants problematic? -Seemingly unrelated drug groups can cause CNS depression -Combination use can cause dangerous drug interactions -Can cause disruptive personality changes

4. The History of CNS Depressants Attempts to find CNS depressants other than alcohol began in the 1800s. Bromides were introduced to treat nervousness and anxiety in the 1800s. -Very popular but toxic In the early 1900s, bromides were replaced by barbiturates. -Initially heralded as safe and effective -Apparent problems with tolerance, dependence, and safety

5. In the 1950s the first benzodiazepines were marketed as substitutes for barbiturates. -Relatively safe when used for short periods -Long-term use can cause dependence and withdrawal problems The History of CNS Depressants (continued)

6. Benzodiazepines were routinely prescribed for stress, anxiety, or apprehension. -In 1973, 100 million prescriptions were written for benzodiazepines. -Twice as many women as men taking them. As medical community became aware of the problem, use of depressants declined, but benzodiazepines remained still very popular. Classified as Schedule V drugs

7. The Effects of CNS Depressants CNS depressants reduce CNS activity and diminish the brain’s level of awareness. Depressant drugs include: - Benzodiazepines - Barbiturate-like drugs - Alcohol - Antihistamines - Opioid narcotics like heroin

8. The Effects of CNS Depressants (continued) Depressants are usually classified according to the degree of their medical effects on the body. For example: -Sedatives cause mild depression and relaxation Anxiolytic—drugs that relieve anxiety -Hypnotics induce drowsiness and encourage sleep Amnesiac effects can cause the loss of memory

9. The Effects of CNS Depressants (continued) The same drug can cause different effects depending on dose. -Low dose (sedatives—relieve anxiety and promote relaxation) -Higher doses (hypnotics—can cause drowsiness and promote sleep) -Even higher doses (anesthetics can cause anesthesia and are used for patient management during surgery)

10. Types of CNS Depressants Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs - Prescribed for anxiety, relaxation and sleep Medical uses - Relief from anxiety, treatment of neurosis, relaxation of muscles, alleviation of lower- back pain, treatment of convulsive disorders, induction of sleep, relief from withdrawal symptoms, induction of amnesia

11. Types of CNS Depressants (continued) Mechanisms of action for benzodiazepine -Affect neurons that have receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA GABA: most common inhibitory transmitter in brain regions - Limbic system (alter mood) - RAS (cause drowsiness) - Motor cortex (relax muscles)

12. Types of CNS Depressants (continued) Types of benzodiazepines -Many benzodiazepine compounds available in the United States -Distinguished primarily by their duration of action: short-acting (hypnotics), long- acting (sedatives) Side effects include drowsiness to paradoxical effects (e.g. increased restlessness), tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and abuse

13. Types of CNS Depressants (continued) Barbiturates played an important historical role as sedative-hypnotic agents. However, due to their narrow margin of safety and their abuse liability, they were replaced by benzodiazepines. -Caused many negative side effects, from nausea to death, from respiratory or cardiovascular depression

14. Other Types of CNS Depressants Drugs with barbiturate-like properties: -Chloral hydrate -Glutethimide -Methyprylon -Methaqualone Antihistamines Propofol (abused general anesthetic) GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate)

15. Patterns of Abuse with CNS Depressants The American Psychiatric Association considers dependence on CNS depressants a psychiatric disorder.

16. Patterns of Abuse with CNS Depressants (continued) People most likely to abuse CNS depressants include individuals who: -Use drugs to relieve continual stress -Paradoxically feel euphoria and stimulation from depressants -Use depressants to counteract the unpleasant effects of other drugs of abuse -Combine depressants with alcohol and heroin to potentiate the effects

17. Patterns of Abuse with CNS Depressants (continued) Detoxification: The elimination of a toxic substance, such as a drug, and its effects -With CNS depressants, this is achieved by substituting a longer-acting barbiturate for the offending CNS depressant and gradually reducing the dose to avoid unpleasant withdrawal effects. Withdrawal from CNS depressants, if not managed properly, can be very dangerous, or even fatal.