2. WWII – The Home Front The Main Idea: WWII did not just affect the lives of the men in the military. It affected the lives of every man, woman & child back home in the U.S.A.

3. Vocabulary List Ration: a fixed allowance of provisions or food War Bonds: a debt issued by a government for the purpose of financing military operations during times of war Internment: the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, Morale: emotional or mental condition with respect to cheerfulness, confidence

4. “Not all of us can have the privilege of fighting our enemies in distant parts of the world... But there is one front and one battle where everyone in the United States is in action. That front is right here at home.

5. ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT Despite discrimination at home, minority populations contributed to the war effort: 1,000,000 African Americans 300,000 Mexican- Americans 33,000 Japanese Americans 25,000 Native Americans 13,000 Chinese Americans These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in 1944

6. Three main ways Americans at home contributed to the war effort 1.Labor 2.Conserving food & goods 3.Investing in the government

7. Labor War resulted in increase in American industrial production Economy converted from civilian to military production –Automobile companies  Tanks & Airplanes –Machine shops  Pistols & Ammunition –Textiles  Uniforms & Parachutes

9. Increase of Labor Force Year Total labor force Armed forcesUnemployed Unemploymen t rate (%) 193955,588,000370,0009,480,00017.2 194056,180,000540,0008,120,00014.6 194157,530,0001,620,0005,560,0009.9 194260,380,0003,970,0002,660,0004.7 194364,560,0009,020,0001,070,0001.9 194466,040,00011,410,000670,0001.2 194565,290,00011,430,0001,040,0001.9 194660,970,0003,450,0002,270,0003.9

10. Women enter the labor force to replace men ROSIE THE RIVETER Cultural icon that represented the new female labor force Women made up About 30% of the labor Force during WWII

11. Conserving Food & Goods After the U.S. enters war, the government begins RATIONING Limiting the amount of certain products that each individual could purchase Examples of Rationed Goods:, sugar, gasoline, bicycles, footwear, fuel oil, Silk, Nylon, coffee, stoves, shoes, meat, lard, shortening and oils, butter, margarine, processed foods, dried fruits, canned milk, firewood and coal

12. Each family given a “Ration Book”... Goods could only be purchased with stamps

14. Victory Gardens Because food was in such short supply, Americans were encouraged to plant Victory Gardens. Spare land was used to plant gardens to grow extra food – Vegetables, herbs & fruits. Gardens were planted on rooftops in cities, backyards, vacant lots, school yards, etc.

15. Significance of Victory Gardens Over 20 million Victory Gardens planted producing 8 million tons of produce Reduced pressure on the food supply United communities & encouraged patriotism

17. Children were able to contribute by organizing to collect scrap metal Millions of tons of scrap metal was collected and melted down to help produce parts of ships, tanks, ammunition and other weapons for the war effort

18. Investing in the Government The U.S. government needed to raise money to fund the war War Bonds: Loans made by citizens to the U.S. government to raise capital for financing military operations during the war

19. How it worked Citizens “loaned” money to the government by purchasing War Bonds Provides “capital” for government to spend on the war effort AFTER THE WAR... Citizens cashed in their Bonds and received their money back

20. ANOTHER WAY AMERICANS SHOWED PATRIOTISM AND PERFORMED THEIR CIVIC DUTY

21. By the end of the War... 85 Million Americans had purchased War Bonds $185 Billion raised to fund the war effort

22. The Office of War Information Agency established by the U.S. Government responsible to encourage Americans to support the war through propaganda, information and ideas.

23. Fear of Minorities U.S. government feared disloyalty and sedition from German, Italian & Japanese Americans Japanese-Americans faced the worse prejudice

24. Tragedy for Japanese Americans After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Americans questioned the loyalty of Japanese Americans Japanese were forced to sell their homes and businesses and were sent to “relocation camps” (Internment Camps)

26. Executive Order 9066 Order signed by Roosevelt making portions of the United States “military zones” giving the U.S. military the power to remove Japanese- Americans from these areas.

27. Mostly affected Japanese living in California, Washington, Oregon & Arizona 110,000 Japanese- Americans removed from their homes & business

29. Japanese Internment Camps Japanese forced to leave their homes with only what they could carry. Thousands of Japanese-Americans forced to live in Internment Camps

30. Life in the Camps Nisei (Japanese Americans) forced to sell homes, businesses, property Lost an estimated $2 billion Poor conditions: –Barbed-wire enclosures –Barracks with cots and no plumbing –Meager food budget –Low temperatures

35. Women in the War Woman had to work in the factories because all the men had joined the armed forces 17 million women worked during war time They would work the same type of jobs men would but didn’t make nearly as much money. Black and white women worked together Because so many women worked during the war they wanted to continue working after the war was over. This changed the face of women in America and in the traditional American family.

36. Women Produced Wartime goods

37. Millions of women nationwide joined the work force both as a matter of patriotic duty and to support their families.

38. Rosies worked on all phases of manufacturing, from electrical wiring to putting the finishing touches on a bomber. The government attempted to alleviate some of this stress between two demands-- country and home--by creating federally funded daycare centers. There were about 130,000 children in over 3,000 daycare centers at the height of the War

39. Nurses in the army

40. Rosie the Riveter All the day long, Whether rain or shine, She's a part of the assembly line. She's making history, Working for victory, Rosie the Riveter. Keeps a sharp lookout for sabotage, Sitting up there on the fuselage. That little girl will do more than a male will do. Rosie's got a boyfriend, Charlie. Charlie, he's a Marine. Rosie is protecting Charlie, Working overtime on the riveting machine When they gave her a production "E", She was as proud as she could be, There's something true about, Red, white, and blue about, Rosie the Riveter.

41. The reversed strategy was to push the women back into the home with promise of new and wonderful consumer goods to make their housewife role easier and to ensure that their real happiness was in caring for their men and children

42. Native Americans in WWII 1 out of 3 Native Americans served in WWII Many of them became part of the group, the Navajo Code-Talkers The Code-Talkers used their own languages to communicate messages across enemy lines Even though these messages were often intercepted, no one was ever able to interpret them

43. War Transforms a Nation Rural people flock to cities and many acquire useful skills for the post war economy Service Personnel eligible for benefits under Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (G. I. Bill)—loans to start small businesses and $s to go to college. Origin of Middle Class norm in U. S.

44. All Blood Runs Red The Tuskegee Airmen Presentation by Robert L. Martinez Primary Content Source: American Greats, edited by R. Wilson & S. Marcus. Images as cited.

45. The Germans called them “Schwartze Vogelmenshen,” Black Birdmen. http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/TuskegeeAirmen1.jpg

46. The all-white American bomber crews whom they escorted with courage and distinction during WWII referred to them as the Black Redtail Angels after their P-51s stabilizers, which were painted bright red. http://www.flickr.com/photos/kensaviation/124973655/

47. http://www.dailyaviator.com/images/2007-02/p-51-c-tuskegee.jpg

48. History has come to know these black pilots as the Tuskegee Airmen, 926 men who earned their wings at Tuskegee Army Airfield from March 1942 through June 1946. http://www.flickr.com/photos/donniesdreams/2217158318/

49. They flew more than two hundred bomber escort missions without losing a single bomber to the enemy. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics34/1944tuskegee-p51.jpg

50. Sixty-six Tuskegee Airmen were killed in action, another thirty-two shot down. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

51. Theirs is the story of black men fighting for the right to fly in a segregated military, for a country still reluctant to grant them certain freedoms, especially freedom of opportunity. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

52. “We were fighting two battles… I flew for my parents, for my race, for our battle, for first-class citizenship and for my country….” http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics34/1944tuskegee-p51.jpg

53. “We were fighting for the 14 million black Americans back home. We were there to break down barriers, open a few doors, and do a job.” – Maj. Joseph P. Gomer, USAF (ret) and member of the Tuskegee Airmen http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html Maj. Joseph Gomer

54. African Americans had shown their ability to fly before WWII. During WWI, Georgia- born ace Eugene Jacques Bullard flew for France. Known as the “Black Swallow of Death.” http://forum.valka.cz/galerie/albums/userpics/10490/normal_Eugene_Jacques_Bullard.jpg

55. Bullard earned the highest French medals for valor. http://www.allenscreations.com/images/dsabrrth.jpg

56. Following WWI, black citizens had earned pilots’ licenses, owned planes, and made record-breaking cross-country flights. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics34/1944tuskegee-p51.jpg

57. Yet, in 1939, when President Roosevelt started the Civilian Pilot Training Program to train 20,000 college students a year for private flight-level licenses, not a single black was allowed to participate. http://www.nasm.si.edu/museum/pubs/pubDetail.cfm?pubID=102 http://www.historicaldocuments.com/FranklinRoosevelt_FiresideChats.gif

58. It took the efforts of America’s most prominent African-American leaders and a little-known senator from Missouri (Harry S. Truman) to persuade the Congress to accept and train black pilots. Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/97-2081.jpg

59. The Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, a black vocational college founded by Booker T. Washington, was selected as one of the training sites. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

60. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt visited the institute and flew with Tuskegee’s black flying instructor Charles “Chief” Anderson. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

61. What she saw and that flight convinced her that the school deserved the governments full support. http://www.flickr.com/photos/scmammy/3143371572/

62. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

64. President Roosevelt declared Tuskegee an official training site for African-American pilots and the 99 th Pursuit Squadron was established. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics34/1944tuskegee-p51.jpg

65. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

66. Barracks inspection at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

69. In March 1942, the Tuskegee Airmen began flying combat missions. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

70. Four hundred and fifty of the 926 pilots who earned wings at Tuskegee would participate in the battles to control the sky during WWII. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics34/1944tuskegee-p51.jpg

71. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

72. On July 26, 1948, Truman, by then president, desegregated the military. The Tuskegee Airmen’s performance helped accelerate the decision. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/tuskegee2.html

74. “It was a wondrous sight to see those escort fighter planes coming up to take care of us…They were flown by men with enormous skill and coordination and competence.” – WWII Veteran, Former Senator, and presidential candidate George McGovern http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics34/1944tuskegee-p51.jpg

75. The European Theater 22 black combat units in Europe: –9 field artillery, 1 anti-aircraft, 2 tank, 2 tank destroyer, & 8 engineer combat battalions –1 st Army integrated some units at platoon level in 1945 due to manpower shortages –761 st Tank Battalion fought in Battle of Bulge –92 nd Division earned over 12,000 decorations & citations fighting in Italy –Capt. Charles L. Thomas of 614 th Tank Destroyer battalion & 1 st Lt. John L. Fox of 92 nd Division among 7 recipients of Medal of Honor in Jan. 1997 Logo of the 92 nd Division

76. Trouble on the Home Front Most camps located in South, so racial incidents occurred inevitably –Some camp commanders banned black newspapers & segregated transportation and entertainment –War Dept. issued order in July 1944 forbidding segregation, but met with hostility –Serious riots at Ft. Bragg, Camp Robinson, Camp Davis, Camp Lee & Ft. Dix Renewed Great Migration led to renewed racial tension in northern cities –June 1943 riot in Detroit left 25 blacks and 9 whites dead

77. Detroit Riot, 1943

78. Truman and Desegregation Freedom to Serve (1948) outlined steps Executive Order 9981 began process All jobs opened to qualified personnel regardless of race in 1949 Gen. Matthew Ridgeway integrated army in Korea, 1950-51

79. The End