1. Human Anatomy Basic Terms 1. Dorsal- back 2. Ventral- stomach side 3. Anterior- head end 4. Posterier- butt end 5. Distal- far away 6. Proximal- closer to Label the frog using the basic terms

2. Integumentary System Includes largest organ- SKIN! Functions: protection homeostasis prevents dehydration maintains body temperature 3 layers of skin epidermis- outer most dermis- middle layer subcutaneous- most internal Melanin, a pigment that determines skin color, is located in the epidermis

3. Nervous System Purpose: control and communication network of the body; detects internal and external stimuli through the five senses Cells in Nervous System are called neurons Two parts of Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) all other parts of the nervous system, carries impulses to and from CNS to rest of body

4. Learning Check Which system contains the senses, controls body activities, carries messages and allows us to think and reason? A. Nervous System B. Integumentary System C. Skeletal System D. Muscular System

5. Skeletal System 206 bones in human body Major bones- cranium, humerus, radius, ulna, ribs, sternum, femur, tibia and fibula Connections: joints- bone to bone ligaments- bone to bone tendons- bone to muscle Functions: framework/structure/support protection stores minerals

6. Learning Check What are the 2 main parts of the CNS? A. Bones and Joints B. Brain and Spinal Cord C. Nerves and Brain D. Kidney and Bladder Which system provides a barrier, and prevents fluid loss? A. Nervous System B. Integumentary system C. Skeletal System D. Muscular System

7. Excretory System Function: maintains homeostasis of body fluids more specifically…filters blood, removes wastes through active transport that are eliminated as urine Urinary tract- kidneys and bladder nephron tiny filtering cells in the kidneys

8. Learning Check How is the excretory system most likely to respond when an animal is thirsty? A. by relaxing the smooth muscles B. by retaining body fluids C. by absorbing heat from lymph glands D. by releasing hormones

9. Muscular System Purpose: locomotion and organ function Skeletal Muscle- attached to bone; moves body voluntary muscle- you decide when to move them Smooth Muscle- found in internal organs and blood vessels involuntary muscle- have no control over their movement Cardiac Muscle- found ONLY in heart involuntary

10. Learning Check Which structure is responsible for raising the lower arm? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

11. Circulatory System Purpose: carries nutrients, including oxygen around the body. Major parts: heart blood veins (to heart) arteries (away) Heart muscle is designed to never fatigue

12. Respiratory System Purpose: getting oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of the body. Gas exchange between alveoli (air sacs in lungs) and capillaries (tiny blood vessels) Major Parts diaphragm movement of air in and out of the lungs trachea lungs bronchi Brain controlled, but can also be voluntary.

13. Digestive System Purpose: changes food to ATP Three Major Steps ingestion digestion elimination Six major organs mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum Monomers (from food) travel from the villi in small intestine to blood vessels

14. Learning Check Which of the following examples does not use passive transport to move materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? A. red blood cells taking oxygen through the body. B. gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries C. monomers of food traveling from the villi to blood vessels D. in the stomach, gastric acid is produced by hydrogen potassium ATPase- an ion pump

15. Endocrine System Purpose: controls and regulates body through chemicals called hormones example: pituitary gland- growth adrenal gland- adrenaline

16. Learning Check Nutrients from digested food or hormones from glands move directly into the ___ A. circulatory system B. integumentary system C. excretory system D. endocrine system

17. Immune System Defends against diseases, bacteria and viruses Natural – white blood cells and lymph nodes Artificial – antibiotics and vaccines

18. Reproductive System Purpose: to make offspring Cells in ovaries or testes go through meiosis to make gametes example: eggs and sperm

19. Male vs. Female Reproductive System in Rats