1. Jessica Pinchinat 2016 Howard University College of Pharmacy

2.  The cardiovascular system consists of the blood, the heart, and blood vessels

3.  Length: ~12cm (5 inches)  Width [widest point]: ~9cm (3.5 inches)  Thickness: ~6cm (2.5 inches)

4.  The heart is located in the mediastinum:  This is a region between the lungs and between the sternum and vertebral column. The heart is located near the midline of the thoracic cavity.  About 2/3rds of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the body’s midline  Apex – formed by the left ventricle of the heart

6.  A membrane that surrounds and protects the heart.  It confines the heart to its position in the mediastinum

8.  It consists of two principal parts.  It consists of:  Fibrous pericardium  Serous pericardium

9.  Fibrous pericardium – prevents overstretching of the heart, provides, protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum

10.  Serous pericardium – a thinner more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart.  Parietal layer (outer) of the serous pericardium is fused to the fibrous pericardium  Visceral layer (inner) of the serous pericardium adheres tightly to the surface of the heart. Also known as the epicardium.

12.  Pericardial cavity – the area between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium.  Contains the pericardial fluid – a slippery lubricating secretion of the pericardial membranes that reduces friction between the serous pericardial membranes as the heart moves

14.  The wall of the heart is composed of three layers.  Epicardium – gives a smooth slippery texture to the outermost surface of the heart.  Myocardium – makes up approximately 95% of the heart wall and is responsible for the pumping action.  Endocardium – provides a smooth lining for the heart chambers and covers the heart valves

15.  The heart contains four chambers.  The upper two receiving chambers are the atria (entry halls or chambers)  The lower two pumping chambers are the ventricles (little bellies)

18.  Vein – blood vessels carry blood to the heart  Artery – blood vessels carry blood away from the heart  The atria receive blood from the veins while the ventricles eject blood from the heart into the arteries.

19.  Right atrium – receives blood from three veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.  Right ventricle – sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation   Pulmonary circulation

20.  Left atrium – receives oxygenated blood from the lungs  Left ventricle – the thickest chamber of the heart and forms the apex of the heart. It sends oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta.   Systemic circulation

21.  Each of the four valves helps to ensure the one-way flow of blood by opening to let blood through and then closing to prevent its backflow.  As the walls of each chamber contract and relax, resulting pressure differences across the heart valves force valves to open and close.

22.  Atrioventricular valves (AV) are located between the atrium and ventricle. There is a right and left atrioventricular valve.  The right atrioventricular valve is also known as the tricuspid valve.  This valve has three flaps/cusps  The left atrioventricular valve is also known as the bicuspid valve or mitral valve  This valve has two flaps/cusps

24.  Semilunar Valves (SL) are located between the ventricles and the arteries leaving the heart.  (lunar = moon-shaped (because they are made up of three crescent moon-shaped cusps)  The pulmonary valve is known as the right semilunar valve. Blood travels to the lungs via the pulmonary valve into a large artery, the pulmonary trunk.  The aortic valve is known as the left semilunar valve. Blood travels into the systemic circulation via the aortic valve into the large artery the aorta.

28.  Chordae tendineae are tendon like cords that are connected to the valves.  The chordae tendineae are then connected to cone-shaped trabeculae carneae called papillary muscles.

30.  There are two closed circuits in which the heart pumps blood.  There is the pulmonary circulation, carrying blood to the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, and the systemic circulation carrying blood to the rest of the body.

31.  The right sides of the heart receives all of the dark deoxygenated blood.  The left side of the heart receives the bright red oxygen rich blood from the lungs.

32.  The right side of the heart receives blood via three veins superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus (vein).  A vascular sinus is a thin-walled vein

34.  The pulmonary trunk artery leads deoxygenated blood to the lungs.  The trunk branches out into the left and right pulmonary artery.  Note the color  The right and left pulmonary trunk vein then returns oxygenated blood into the left atrium.

36.  The left ventricle of the heart then ejects blood into the aorta.  The aorta then separates into smaller systemic arteries.

37.  Three blood vessels branch out from the aorta:  Left common carotid artery  Left subclavian artery  Brachiocephalic trunk

39.  The coronary (cardiac) circulation is the flow of blood through the many vessels that pierce the myocardium.  The left and right coronary arteries branch from the ascending aorta.  The left coronary artery divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches

40.  The circumflex branch lies in the coronary sulcus   Left atrium, left ventricle  The anterior interventricular branch lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus   Both ventricles

41.  The posterior interventricular branch lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus   Both ventricles  Marginal branch extends beyond the coronary sulcus and runs along the right margin of the heart   Right ventricle

43.  The coronary sinus carries most of the deoxygenated blood from the myocardium. It lies on the posterior surface of the heart.  It is divides into the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, anterior cardiac veins

48.  The source of the electrical activity is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers called autorhythmic fibers.  They are self-excitable

49.  Sinoatrial (SA) node – is located in the right atrial wall inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava  Atrioventricular (AV) node – located in the interatrial septum just anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus  Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His) – this is the only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles.  Right and Left bundle branches – within the interventricular septum  Purkinje fibers

55. Jenkins, Gail W., Christopher P. Kemnitz, and Gerard J. Tortora. Anatomy and Physiology: From Science to Life. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007. Print. Morton, David A., K. Bo Foreman, and Kurt H. Albertine. The Big Picture Gross Anatomy. New York: McGraw Hill Medical, 2011. Web.