1. C h a p t e r 20 Cardiovascular System

2. PSR #8  Agglutin- [to glue together]  Embol- [stopper]  Erythr- [red]  Hem- [blood]  Leuko- [white]  -osis [abnormal condition]  -sta [ halt]  Thromb- [clot]  Brady- [slow]  Diastol- [dilation]  Systol- [contraction]  Tachy- [rapid]  Syn- [together] Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. Introduction to the Cardiovascular System  A circulating transport system  A pump  A conducting system  A fluid medium (blood)  Is specialized fluid of connective tissue  Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Introduction to the Cardiovascular System  To transport materials to and from cells  Oxygen and carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Hormones  Immune system components  Waste products

5. - Blood and Lymph Blood  Blood consists of liquid plasma and three kinds of cells—red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Physical Characteristics of Blood  Three Types of Formed Elements  Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes  Transport oxygen  White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes  Part of the immune system  Platelets  Cell fragments involved in clotting

7. Formed Elements of Blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

8. Red Blood Cells  Structure of RBCs  Small and highly specialized discs  Thin in middle and thicker at edge  Importance of RBC Shape and Size  High surface-to-volume ratio  Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen  Discs form stacks called rouleaux  Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels  Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries:  7.8 µm RBC passes through 4 µm capillary Figure 19–2d

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing  Four Basic Blood Types  A (surface antigen A)  B (surface antigen B)  AB (antigens A and B)  O (neither A nor B)

10. - Blood and Lymph Blood Types  The marker molecules on your red blood cells determine your blood type and the type of blood that you can safely receive in transfusions.

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing Figure 19–7a Blood Types and Cross-Reactions

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing  Blood Plasma Antibodies  Type A  Type B antibodies  Type B  Type A antibodies  Type O  Both A and B antibodies  Type AB  Neither A nor B antibodies

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing  The Rh Factor  Also called D antigen  Either Rh positive (Rh + ) or Rh negative (Rh - )  Only sensitized Rh - blood has anti-Rh antibodies

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing Figure 19–7b Blood Types and Cross-Reactions

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing Figure 19–8 Blood Type Testing

16. - The Body’s Transport System Two Loops

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Introduction to Cardiovascular System  The Pulmonary Circuit  Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs  The Systemic Circuit  Carries blood to and from the body  Blood alternates between pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Introduction to Cardiovascular System  Three Types of Blood Vessels  Arteries  Carry blood away from heart  Veins  Carry blood to heart  Capillaries  Networks between arteries and veins

19. - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels Blood Vessels  The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The walls of capillaries are only one cell thick.

20. - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels Artery and Vein  In this photo, you can compare the wall of an artery with the wall of a vein.

21. Make Up of Blood Vessels: Capillaries Figure 15-16: Types of capillaries

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Introduction to Cardiovascular System Figure 20–1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System.

23. - The Body’s Transport System The Heart

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Introduction to Cardiovascular System  Four Chambers of the Heart  Right atrium  Collects blood from systemic circuit  Right ventricle  Pumps blood to pulmonary circuit  Left atrium  Collects blood from pulmonary circuit  Left ventricle  Pumps blood to systemic circuit

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Figure 20–2c Anatomy of the Heart  Great veins and arteries at the base  Pointed tip is apex  Surrounded by pericardial sac

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–2a The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–3a The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–3a The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–3b The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–3c The Superficial Anatomy of the Heart

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart  The Heart Wall  Epicardium (outer layer)  Visceral pericardium  Covers the heart  Myocardium (middle layer)  Muscular wall of the heart  Concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue  Endocardium (inner layer)  Simple squamous epithelium

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–4 The Heart Wall

33. Anatomy of the Heart  Internal Anatomy and Organization  SEPTUM: Separates right and left sides of the heart  Interatrial septum: separates atria  Interventricular septum: separates ventricles

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart  Structural Differences between the Left and Right Ventricles  Right ventricle wall is thinner, develops less pressure than left ventricle  Right ventricle is pouch-shaped, left ventricle is round

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–7 Structural Differences between the Left and Right Ventricles

37. - The Body’s Transport System The Heart  As blood flows out of the heart and toward the lungs, it passes through a valve like the one here.

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart  The Heart Valves  Two pairs of one-way valves prevent backflow during contraction  Atrioventricular (AV) valves  Between atria and ventricles  Blood pressure closes valve cusps during ventricular contraction –Right Side: Tricuspid Valve –Left Side: Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve Figure 20–8

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–6a-b The Sectional Anatomy of the Heart.

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart  The Heart Valves  Semilunar valves  Pulmonary (right side) and aortic tricuspid (left side) valves  Prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta into ventricles  Have no muscular support  Three cusps support like tripod Figure 20–8

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–8a Valves of the Heart

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–8b Valves of the Heart

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–8c Valves of the Heart

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart  The Blood Supply to the Heart = Coronary Circulation  Coronary arteries and cardiac veins  Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–9a Coronary Circulation

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–9b Coronary Circulation

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 20–10 Coronary Circulation and Clinical Testing

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System  Heartbeat  A single contraction of the heart  The entire heart contracts in series  First the atria  Then the ventricles

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System Figure 20–12 The Conducting System of the Heart

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System Figure 20–13 Impulse Conduction through the Heart

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System Figure 20–13 Impulse Conduction through the Heart

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System Figure 20–13 Impulse Conduction through the Heart

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System Figure 20–13 Impulse Conduction through the Heart

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System Figure 20–13 Impulse Conduction through the Heart

55. Figure 20–13 Impulse Conduction through the Heart

56. Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation Figure 18.14a

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System  Abnormal Pacemaker Function  Bradycardia: abnormally slow heart rate  Tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate  Ectopic pacemaker  Abnormal cells  Generate high rate of action potentials  Bypass conducting system  Disrupt ventricular contractions

58. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System  Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)  A recording of electrical events in the heart  Obtained by electrodes at specific body locations  Abnormal patterns diagnose damage

59. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System  Features of an ECG  P wave  Atria depolarize  QRS complex  Ventricles depolarize  T wave  Ventricles repolarize

60. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System  Time Intervals Between ECG Waves  P–R interval  From start of atrial depolarization  To start of QRS complex  Q–T interval  From ventricular depolarization  To ventricular repolarization

61. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System Figure 20–14a An Electrocardiogram: Electrode Placement for Recording a Standard ECG

62. Electrocardiography Figure 18.16

63. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Conducting System Figure 20–14b An Electrocardiogram: An ECG Printout

64. Heart Excitation Related to ECG Figure 18.17

65. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Cardiac Cycle  Cardiac cycle = The period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next  Includes both contraction and relaxation

66. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Cardiac Cycle  Phases of the Cardiac Cycle  Within any one chamber  Systole (contraction)  Diastole (relaxation)

67. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Cardiac Cycle  Heart Murmur  Sounds produced by regurgitation through valves

68.  Six Second EKG  http://www.skillstat.com/tools/ecg-simulator#/- prep http://www.skillstat.com/tools/ecg-simulator#/- prep Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

69. Cardiodynamics  Cardiac Output  CO = HR X SV  CO = cardiac output (mL/min)  HR = heart rate (beats/min)  SV = stroke volume (mL/beat)

70. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings