1. RNA and Protein Synthesis DNA makes RNA makes Protein DDDD NNNN AAAA P P P P rrrr oooo tttt eeee iiii nnnn R R R R aaaa pppp

2. RNA RiboNucleic Acid

3. RNA

4. RNA is the same as DNA except: RNA is a nucleic acid the same as DNA except: RNA Sugar is Ribose Not Deoxyribose DNA missing oxygen RNA has oxygen

5. RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine No Thymine T-A No Thymine T-A Uracil pairs with Adenine: U-A Uracil pairs with Adenine: U-A A-U A-U

6. RNA is a single strand DNA is a Double strand (helix) RNA DNA RNA DNA

7. 3- There are 3 types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)- Messenger RNA (mRNA)- A copy of the DNA brought to cell Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Brings amino acids to the ribosome Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Forms ribosomes

8. 4 - Central Dogma DNA makes RNA which makes PROTEIN DNA makes RNA which makes PROTEIN All life depends on this process All life depends on this process

9. Proteins Proteins are what form all structures of the body and all life Proteins are what form all structures of the body and all lifeEx. Muscles Muscles Skin Skin Hair color Hair color Cell structures Cell structures

10. 6- Enzymes are also proteins Proteins are needed in all metabolic functions Proteins are needed in all metabolic functions Enzymes are even needed in the process of making other proteins Enzymes are even needed in the process of making other proteins

11. 7 - Proteins are made of chains of amino acids

12. 8 - Peptide bonds Connect amino acids into polypeptides Connect amino acids into polypeptides Bonds form by dehydration synthesis Bonds form by dehydration synthesis – water is removed during bond formation

13. 9 - Proteins form complex 3-D structures Primary structure – the polypeptide chain Primary structure – the polypeptide chain Secondary structure –helix and pleats Secondary structure –helix and pleats Tertiary structure – Other side bonds form 3-D structure Tertiary structure – Other side bonds form 3-D structure

14. 10 - Protein size Most proteins are hundreds of amino acids long Most proteins are hundreds of amino acids long World’s smallest known protein is Trp-cage mini protein. Has only 20 amino acids, but has a stable structure World’s smallest known protein is Trp-cage mini protein. Has only 20 amino acids, but has a stable structure Found in saliva of Gila monsters Found in saliva of Gila monsters

15. 11- Steps to make a protein 1 st – Transcription – An mRNA copy of DNA is made in the Nucleus 2 nd – Translation – A ribosome reads the mRNA and assembles the protein

16. Over view of protein synthesis Animation of Protein Synthesis web.ppt Animation of Protein Synthesis web.pptProtein Synthesis web.pptProtein Synthesis web.ppt

17. 12 - Transcription - An RNA copy of DNA is made like A recording is transcribed into text

18. 13 - Transcription - Occurs in the Nucleus a) DNA opens up in one section b) Using enzymes, a complimentary mRNA copy is made from only one side of the DNA called the Coding strand c) Pairing A-U C-G  Note: all types of RNA are made in nucleus

19. 14 - mRNA is only a single strand of nucleotides After forming: 1) mRNA is processed (parts added and removed) 2) mRNA leaves the nucleus

20. 15 - Translation The mRNA copy is read by a ribosome and translated into a protein The mRNA copy is read by a ribosome and translated into a protein Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs in cytoplasmLike A speech is translated into sign language A speech is translated into sign language

21. 16 - Ribosomes Are made of rRNA and protein A) A) Ribosomes read the mRNA B) B) 2 parts clamp down on mRNA C) C) Ribosomes find the proper tRNA with matching amino acid

22. 17 - 3 LETTER CODE Each amino acid has a 3 letter code DNA has a 3 letter code it transfers to mRNA Codon – The code on mRNA Anticodon – The code on tRNA that matches opposite to the codon tRNA – A clover leaf structure That carries an amino acid to the ribosome

23. 18 - Example of base pairing DNA code = mRNA: Codon = tRNA: Anticodon = Note: U substitutes for T in all RNA T C A A G U U C A

24. 19 - To Begin Translation Proteins help ribosome find the Start codon Proteins help ribosome find the Start codon AUG = start codon AUG = start codon

25. 20 - Each codon is read by ribosome one at a time As each codon is read, one amino acid is brought by tRNA As each codon is read, one amino acid is brought by tRNA

26. 21 - Transfer RNA (tRNA) Carry one amino acid each Carry one amino acid each Each has an anticodon matching the codon on mRNA Each has an anticodon matching the codon on mRNA

27. 22 - Stop Codon Ends the protein Ends the protein There are 3 stop codes There are 3 stop codes

28. Translation

29. Protein synthesis picture mRNA tRNA Ribosome Protein

30. Every part of your body is made of protein. REMEMBER !!!!! DNA makes RNA makes Protein DNA makes RNA makes Protein Amazing animation of Protein synthesis Amazing animation of Protein synthesis Amazing animation of Protein synthesis Amazing animation of Protein synthesisEXTRA http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/animations/An8.h tml http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/animations/An8.h tml http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/animations/An8.h tml http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/animations/An8.h tml