1. Reducing Vehicle GHG Emissions: An International Perspective IAN PARRY Fiscal Affairs Department, IMF Transportation, Economics, Energy, and the Environment, University of Michigan, October 28, 2016

2. 1 Fuel Taxes vs. Fuel Economy Standards Source: Parry et al. 2014

3.  More efficient than regulations  Implemented in Denmark, France, Mauritius, Netherlands, Norway 2 Attractions of Feebates

4. 3 CO 2 Prices for Paris, G20 Countries, 2030 or thereabouts Source: IMF (2016). Note: 2025 for Brazil and US.

5. 4 Efficient Gasoline Prices, G20 Countries, 2013

6. 5 Revenue from Gasoline Taxes, G20 Countries, 2010 Source: IMF (2016).

7.  Other policies  Electric vehicles—subsidies vs. mandates  Vehicle taxes related to CO 2 emission rate classification  Tools  Simplified spreadsheet model  Import fuel use, price/tax, external costs > 150 countries (IEA, IMF) 6 Broader Analysis

8.  Trucking  International aviation/maritime fuels  Strong case for taxes on environmental/fiscal grounds  Industries focused on efficiency standards, emission offsets 7 Other Transport Sectors