3. What is Science and What do Scientists do? 1. Science emphasizes logic over creativity, imagination, and intuition? 2. Science establishes absolute truth or proof about nature? 3. Science has a method — a how to scheme — for learning about nature?

4. What is Science and What do Scientists do? Science is? an assumption that there is discoverable order in nature. Then use that knowledge to make predictions about what will happen in nature.

5. What are some of the misconceptions and terms? What is a hypothesis? It’s a tentative explanation, often based on an educated guess or past experience, for the observed event or relation. Well ok, but then what’s the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction then?

6. What are some of the misconceptions and terms? A hypothesis just states that a relationship exists, a prediction further describes the nature of the relationship and how it will go. Examples…  Concerning the mysterious question in life of why bread always seems to land jelly side down and what factors play a role in that one could come up with the following hypothesis and prediction.

7. What are some of the misconceptions and terms? The mass of the jelly on a given piece of toast will effect the way in which it will land, either jelly side up or jelly side down. Compare that to….. As the mass of jelly increases on a given piece of toast the frequency of jelly side down occurrences will increase. Which is a hypothesis and which is a prediction and why?

8. What are some of the misconceptions and terms? A theory is an idea, principle, or model that usually ties together and explains many facts that previously appeared to be unrelated and is supported by a great deal of evidence. –Ex. Evolution. Archaeopteryx

9. What are some of the misconceptions and terms? A law is a description of what we find happening in nature over and over again with little know exceptions. –Ex. 2 law of thermodynamics or entropy

11. What are some of the misconceptions and terms? What is the difference between accuracy and Precision? Accuracy is correct measurements. –Precision is reproducibility

12. How Do Scientists Learn about Nature? The cookbook method or scientific method? observe, hypothesis, experiment, analyze, conclude. However there is no real method instead real science tries to answer these ?’s What is the question? What are the relevant facts and data already known?

13. How Do Scientists Learn about Nature? What new data should be collected and how should this be done? How can a hypothesis be invented that explains the data and predicts new facts? Is this the simplest and only reasonable hypothesis? What new experiments can be done to test the hypothesis, so to become a possible theory.

14. Parts of a good experiment! What are variables or factors? Something that my influence your experiment. Independent and dependent variables? In= what you change, dep = what you measure.  Ex. In my experiment concerning why Jellied bread falls JSD give me examples of what would be your indep and dep variables would be.

15. Parts of a good experiment! A Controlled experiment contains at least two groups to test the effects of a particular factor. The groups are the experimental group in which the variable is changed in a known way and a controlled group in which the variable does not change. What are double blind experiments and placebos.

16. The Nature of Scientific Investigations Methods of Scientists Question 1.Decide what you want to know. 2.Do Research. 3.Design a test; Identify & define the variables. 4.State a hypothesis & make a prediction. Question 1.Decide what you want to know. 2.Do Research. 3.Design a test; Identify & define the variables. 4.State a hypothesis & make a prediction. Conclude 1.Look at the data and form conclusions. 2.Re-evaluate the hypothesis 3.Formulate new questions Conclude 1.Look at the data and form conclusions. 2.Re-evaluate the hypothesis 3.Formulate new questions Test 1. Select a Sample. 2. Determine how the variables will be controlled & measured. 3. Conduct the experiment & observe. 4. Record the results. Test 1. Select a Sample. 2. Determine how the variables will be controlled & measured. 3. Conduct the experiment & observe. 4. Record the results. Analyze 1.Organize the data using graphs, tables and charts. 2.Look for trends in the data. 3.Compare the data with the hypothesis & the prediction. Analyze 1.Organize the data using graphs, tables and charts. 2.Look for trends in the data. 3.Compare the data with the hypothesis & the prediction.

17. Safety in the Science Classroom Methods of Scientists Important Safety Rules 1.6. 2.7. 3.8. 4.9. 5.10. Check safety symbols Safety goggles & aprons Slant test tubes away Fix hair & loose clothing No eating & drinking Don’t inhale or taste Know fire safety rules Report spill, accident or injury Dispose of materials as directed Wash hands with soap

18. Communicating Results One important goal of science is to make results available to others. Communicating in Science Communicating scientific data and results allows: 1.others to learn of new discoveries 2.to possibly verify or argue what has been reported 3.to conduct new experiments using the information.

19. Communicating Results Graphs Communicating in Science –A line graph is a visual display that shows how two variables are related. –The independent variable is plotted on the horizontal ( x ) axis. –The dependent variable is plotted on the vertical ( y ) axis. x axis y axis

20. Models A scientific model is an idea, a system, or a mathematical expression that is similar to the idea being explained. Communicating in Science

21. Science Ethics and Technology Can Scientists prove anything? No, but probability Are Scientists always objective? No, they are people too and have motivations. What is technology? Involves developing devices, processes, and products designed to control the natural world.

22. The Scope of Earth Science 4 Major Areas of Earth Science: 1.Astronomy 2.Meteorology 3.Geology 4.Oceanography Earth Science

23. 1. Astronomy –Study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere. –Astronomers study the universe and everything in it.

24. The Scope of Earth Science 2.Meteorology Earth Science –Studies the atmosphere that surrounds Earth. –Meteorologists study forces and processes that change the atmosphere. –Predict weather and how it might affect Earth’s climate.

25. The Scope of Earth Science 3.Geology Earth Science Study of the materials that make up Earth –Studies processes that form and change these materials. –Some things Geologists do… –identify rocks –study glacial movements –interpret clues to Earth’s 4.6 billion-year history –determine how forces change our planet

26. The Scope of Earth Science Earth Science –Study of Earth’s oceans –Earth is nearly 3/4 covered by water –Oceanographers study… –creatures that inhabit salty water –measure different physical and chemical properties of the oceans –study processes in these bodies of water.

27. The Scope of Earth Science Earth Science Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science PaleontologyRemains of organisms that once lived on Earth; ancient environments Patterns of weather over a long period of time; effects of human activities on weather and climate Climatology HydrologyWater flow on and below Earth’s surface; sources of and solutions to water pollution SubspecialtySubjects Studied

28. TectonicsEffects of internal processes on Earth’s surface, including earthquakes and mountain building GeochemistryEarth’s composition and the processes that change it The Scope of Earth Science Earth Science Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science SubspecialtySubjects Studied EcologyHabitats of organisms and how organisms interact with each other and their environments