2.  According to Krushke, an assault weapon can be defined as "any weapon used in an assault on another individual" (375). The author's name is incorporated into the text with the page number in parenthesis at the end of the statement.

3. An assault weapon can be defined as "any weapon used in an assault on another individual" (Krushke 375). The author's name and the page number in parentheses are given at the end of the sentence or paragraph in the citation, that is, in parenthesis.

4.  Some research on gun control laws, however, is controversial. A famous study by Dr. John H. Sloan compared crime statistics in Vancouver and Seattle, cities with similar demographic characteristics. The study found that the rate of violent crime involving the use of handguns was much lower in Vancouver than in Seattle, and concluded that the primary reason for this difference was the presence of stricter gun laws in Vancouver. Critics, however, point out that the Sloan study ignored other important differences between the two cities, and maintain that the research was therefore not valid (Krushke 22).

5.  When you are citing a single volume of a multi-volume work, separate the volume number from the page number by a colon and a space.  For example, "(Moulton 4: 27).“

6.  If the author is a company, an organization, or other group, it is called a corporate author. You can cite corporate authors in parentheses along with the page numbers.  For example, (Center to Prevent Handgun Violence 46).

7.  However, if the corporate author name is long, it is preferable to include it in the text, so that the reading is not interrupted with a long parenthetical reference, or abbreviate (CPHV).  For example, The Center to Prevent Handgun Violence estimates that, in 1994, over one hundred children aged 5-9 were killed by guns (46).

8.  If you are citing more than one work by the same author, you must indicate which work you are citing. Put a comma after the author's name and add the title, or a brief version of the title, and the relevant page.  For example,... (Edwards, Myths About Guns 82).

9.  If you are quoting someone else's quotation, put the abbreviation "qtd. in" (quoted in) before your citation.  For example, David Hemenway, director of the Harvard School of Public Health, believes that keeping a gun loaded and unlocked at home is a “potentially dangerous practice” (qtd. in Jacobs 105).

10.  When there is no author, use a the title or a shortened version of the title in your parenthetical reference.  For example, (Gun Control 68).

11.  Citing online articles can be problematic because, unlike print magazines, they have no page numbers. The MLA Handbook suggests counting the paragraphs, and citing the paragraph number(s) of your quote or paraphrase.  For example, (Peterson, pars. 7-9).

13. The Works Cited page is a list of all the sources cited in a research paper. It provides all the information your readers need if they want to find your original sources. Works are arranged in alphabetical order by the last name of the author (last name, first name). If there is no author, alphabetize by the first word of the title (excluding articles like "A," "An," or "The").

14. Gottlieb, Alan M. The Gun Grabbers. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 1986. ---. Gun Rights Factbook. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 1988. Publishers, 1981. Krushke, Earl R. Gun Control: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1995. Wilson, James Q., and Richard J. Herrnstein. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Touchstone Books, 1986.

15. Use the publication information provided on the title page (not the cover) of the book. The copyright date is usually given on the back of the title page. The standard MLA format for books is Author. Title. Place: Publisher, date. For example: Krushke, Earl R. Gun Control: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1995.

16. Give the author's name in the first entry, then for subsequent entries, in place of the name, type three hyphens followed by a period. For example: Gottlieb, Alan M. The Gun Grabbers. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 1986. ---. Gun Rights Factbook. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 1988. Publishers, 1981.

17.  Give the authors' names as they appear on the title page, not necessarily in alphabetical order. Reverse only the name of the first author, add a comma, and type the other name(s) with the first name first. Wilson, James Q., and Richard J. Herrnstein. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Touchstone Books, 1986.

18. A corporate author can be a company, organization, or other group whose individual members are not identified on the title page. Use the corporate author as the author, even if it is the same as the publisher. For example: National Rifle Association. The Basics of Personal Protection: A Practical Handgun Handbook. Washington, DC: National Rifle Association, 1988.

19. Give the author of the chapter or part first, and the title of the chapter in quotation marks. Then indicate the book title, the editor or author of the book, and the remaining publication information. Place the page numbers for the entire chapter after the publication date. Mills, C. Wright. "The Promise." Sociological Footprints. Ed. Leonard Cargan and Jeanne Ballantine. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1991. 129-145.

20. If the article is signed, give the author first; if it is unsigned, give the article title first. If the encyclopedia or dictionary arranges entries alphabetically, you may omit the volume and page numbers. If it is a very familiar reference book (such as Encyclopedia Britannica), it is not necessary to give full publisher information; simply give the edition, if stated, and the year of publication  " Handgun." Encyclopedia Britannica. 1993 ed.

21.  If it is a less familiar reference book, give complete information as follows: Vince, Joseph J. "Firearms Tracing." The Encyclopedia of Police Science. Ed. William G. Bailey. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995.

22.  In MLA style, the citation for scholarly journals differs slightly from that for magazines. Volume and issue numbers are provided along with the year, but month and day are omitted. If there is an issue number, place it after the volume number and a period. For example, 69.3 indicates volume 69, issue 3. The standard format is: Author. "Title of the article." Title of the journal volume number (date):pages. For example: Singh, Robert. "Gun control in America." Political Quarterly 69.3 (1998): 288-296.

23.  If the newspaper is a local one, and the city name is not included in the title of the newspaper, give the city in parentheses after the newspaper title. For example, Courier- Journal (Louisville). Include the complete date, section and page numbers. If a specific edition is stated, give the edition information after the date. For example: Gorman, Linda. "Anti-gun law is real danger." Denver Post 20 Jan. 1999: B7.  "Stagnant sales brought more lethal guns, critics say." News & Observer (Raleigh) 14 Feb. 1999, final ed.: A10.

24.  For web pages, you will need to know the author and title of the page, the date it was posted or last revised, the date you accessed the page, and the URL (address). The standard format is:  Author. "Title of document." Title of complete work (if applicable). Date of posting/revision. Date of access.. For example: Rogers, Paul. "Guns Kill Children?" Firearm Facts Web Page. 18 Nov. 1997. 24 Feb. 1999..http://pw2.netcom.com/~wooffer/guns.html

25.  This should look like a print article citation with the addition of access date and URL. For example: Polsby, Daniel D. "Of Holocausts and Gun Control." Washington University Law Quarterly 75.3 (1997). 24 Feb. 1999.. <http://ls.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753- 4.html Sugarmann, Josh. "Reverse Fire." Mother Jones Jan- Feb 1994. 17 May 1999.. <http://bsd.mojones.com/mother_jones/JF9 4/sugarmann.html>

26. “How to Do Research.” Kentucky Virtual Library. July 2, 2004. March 8, 2010. <http://www.kyvl.org/html/tutorial/ research/howtocite.shtml>.

28.  An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief annotation, a descriptive and evaluative paragraph of approximately 100-150. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. It also helps you clarify your evaluation of the source before you use it for supporting evidence.

29.  Lamott, Anne. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life. New York: Anchor Books, 1995. Print. Lamott's book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters in Lamott's book are wry and anecdotal and offer advice on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one's own internal critic. In the process, Lamott includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun. Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and struggling with one's own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach. Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students' own drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating classroom writing exercises. Students should find Lamott's style both engaging and enjoyable.

30. Bruton, James H. The Big House: Life Inside a Supermax Security Prison. Minnesota: Voyageur, 2004. With over 35 years in the field of corrections, that includes five years as a warden of Oak Park Heights Correctional Facility, James H. Bruton is well qualified to describe the shocking brutality of life in prison. Nothing inside a prison is what it seems on the surface. Bruton reveals the difficulty in balancing the need for a safe and secure facility with humane treatment. This is the most current book written by someone with working experience in the field of corrections.

31.  First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.

32.  Next, cite each book, article, or document using the appropriate MLA style, as you will for the works cited page.

33.  Finally, write a concise annotation that (1) summarizes the main idea and the scope of the book or article. (2) Include one or more sentences that (1) (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (2) (b) comment on the intended audience, (3) (c) explain how it differs form other sources (point of view, research evidence, examples), and or (1) (d) explain how this work illuminates your topic.

34.  In other words, your annotated bibliography ensures that you have valid, reliable sources to use as evidence, and it prepares your works cited page so that you are ready to cite sources properly as you write your essay.

35.  Works Cited  Bartlett, Albert. "Length of Life of a Finite Resource When the Rate of Consumption Is Growing Exponentially - Forgotten Fundamentals of the Energy Crisis Part 5. Reprinted from American Journal of Physics. 46(9) 876, 1978. Web. 13 Dec. 2011..   Professor Emeritus Al Bartlett - Physics at University of Colorado at Boulder - Articles on Exponential Growth, Peak Oil and Population Growth, Sustainability, Renewable Resources and the Environment. This one was not so current, but it was very reliable I think because it was from a professor who had been doing what he does for a long time. It was very relevant to my topic (why?) and had so much information on it. Vague. Be specific and use academic language.