1. Aim: Review for test on The Constitution and The Bill of Rights Make sure to bring a #2 pencil and a pen. Essay Topic: Supreme Court cases Extra Credit: Castlelearning (80 or better receives 5 points)

2. 1. How does the Bill of Rights protect us as citizens? Lists all the rights that we are entitled to. -Places limits on government -Free speech, press, religion -protects against illegal search and seizure.

3. 2. 13 th, 14 th & 15 th amendments 13th – abolished slavery (1865) 14th –grants citizenship-equal protection under the law (1868) 15th- black male suffrage (1870) -Civil War or Reconstruction amendments.

4. 3. Disagreement over ratification Original Constitution did not have a Bill of Rights. Anti-Federalist were afraid that there were not enough protections for our individual liberties.

5. 4. Federalists & Anti-Federalists Federalists- support ratification of the Constitution. Anti-Federalists- against ratification.

6. 5. Due Process Procedure that must be followed if arrested. Ensures that rights are not violated.

7. 6. Amendment An addition to the Constitution. Allows the Constitution to change and adapt- keep up to date. Amendments added by 2/3rd of Congress and 3/4th of the states.

8. 7. Bill of Rights To protect civil liberties (rights and freedoms).

9. 8. Judicial Review Right of the Supreme Court to declare a law “unconstitutional.” Example of the unwritten Constitution. A result of Marbury v. Madison. Example of checks and balances.

10. 9. Individual rights Rights are restricted in schools because school is a “special environment.” The rights of the individual must be measured against the needs of society.

11. 10. Federalist Papers Written to achieve ratification. Series of persuasive essays written by James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton.

12. 11. Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas Jefferson. Based on the ideas of John Locke. List of grievances against England. Justification for the revolution.

13. 12. Loose interpretation Broad interpretation. Not word for word. Stretch powers.

14. 13. Amendments Allowed the Constitution to remain up to date. Ability to change and adapt the Constitution

15. 14. A. 18 th & 21st 18th- Prohibition. Added because of domestic violence. 21st- repealed prohibition. Organized crime, bootlegging.

16. B. 19 th amendment 19th- Women’s suffrage (right to vote). Added because of WWI. Women did their part: sold war bonds, Red Cross

17. C. 26 th Amendment 26th Amendment- 18 to vote. Added because Vietnam. Average age of a soldier in Vietnam was 19.

18. Engel v. Vitale Prayer in public schools. State Regents prayer. Decision- unconstitutional “separation of church and state.”

19. N.J. v. TLO Search and seizure in school. 4th amendment. Decision- school officials need reasonable suspicion. Police officers need probable cause.

20. Schenck v. U.S. first amendment freedom of speech. WWI- handing out pamphlets to avoid the draft. Decision- rights restricted during wartime. “Clear and present danger” clause.

21. Vernonia v. Acton mandatory drug testing of student athletes. 4th amendment. Decision- can drug test athletic teams. Students opt to join the team. Cannot random test.

22. Bethel v. Frasier Inappropriate speech for student council. 1st amendment. Decision- no freedom of speech. Cannot disrupt the educational process.