1. The Cycling of Matter GOALS Describe the short-term and long-term processes of the carbon cycle List the stages of the nitrogen cycle Outline the phosphorus cycle Describe the hydrologic cycle List the steps in the rock cycle Identify one way that humans have affected each cycle

3. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Matter within ecosystems is recycled. decomposers bacteria and fungi soil minerals and humus producers green algae water and salts consumers animals decay dieeaten die

5. All Cycles Are Related Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorusin Plants and Organisms N2N2 Fossil Fuel Combustio n H2OH2O CO 2 SO 2, NO 2 Phyto- plankton Zoo- plankto n Ocean Sediment s Nutrient Recycling Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Nitrates, Sulfates, Phosphates Phosphate Nitrite, Dead Organic Mattrer & Decomposers H2OH2O Urea Runoff Respiration Decompositio n Transpiratio n

6. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus & other elements cycle from the abiotic (“geo” nonliving environment) to biotic (“bio” living organisms) & then back to the environment. biotic abiotic

7. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen & other elements move through a regularly repeated sequence of events. Define a cycle. H2OH2O C N O A cycle is a repeated sequence of events.

8. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Most element cycles have an atmospheric “bank” where the element is found in large amounts. –soil and ocean are additional major banks for some elements atmosphere “bank”

9. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Elements move from the “bank” into organisms. atmosphere “bank”

10. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Organisms release elements in daily activities or after death. Give an example of an activity that releases elements. RIP atmosphere “bank”

11. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Decomposers (or combustion or erosion) break down organic matter. What is a result of their actions? RIP atmosphere “bank”

12. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Four examples of cycles: –Carbon (carbon-oxygen) –Hydrologic (Water) –Nitrogen –Phosphorus H2OH2O C N P

13. COMBUSTION – human and natural sources Link

14. CARBON CYCLE Why is the Carbon Cycle often called the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle? respiration photosynthesis O2O2 CO 2

15. CARBON CYCLE Like other element cycles, the carbon cycle links nonliving & living parts of the environment. biotic abiotic

16. CARBON CYCLE The exchange of gases during photosynthesis and respiration is a major example of the living-nonliving cycle of carbon-oxygen. respiration photosynthesis O2O2 CO 2

17. CARBON CYCLE How does carbon enter the living part of the cycle? CO 2 + H 2 O ----> C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 Using the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS, plants use CO 2 to make food

18. CARBON CYCLE Carbon is returned to the atmosphere environment by: – cellular respiration – erosion – combustion – decomposition

19. CARBON CYCLE Use the next diagram to help you define the relationship of the following terms to the carbon cycle. – respiration – photosynthesis – decomposition – combustion – erosion

20. CARBON CYCLE limestone combustion soil erosion animal respiration plant respiration assimilation by plants photosynthesis by algae respiration by algae and aquatic animals litter fossil fuels coal, gas, petroleum CO2 in Atmosphere decomposition oceans, lakes RESPIRATION - CO 2 is released back into the atmosphere when food (glucose) is broken down during respiration PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Plants use carbon dioxide to make food DECOMPOSITION - CO 2 is released back into the atmosphere as organic matter is broken down COMBUSTION - CO 2 is released back into the atmosphere when organic material is burned EROSION - CO 2 is released back into the atmosphere when erosion breaks down certain rock decomposition “BANKS” – CO 2 in atmosphere, trapped underground in fossil fuels, captured in limestone, stored in oceans

21. carbon cycle animated Write a descriptive summary of the events shown. WHITE DOTS - carbon dioxide released from combustion (forest fire, burning fossil fuels) or respiration (soil and plant & animal BLUE DOTS - water, note how they collide with the white dots to represent photosynthesis GREEN DOTS - carbon trapped in glucose from photosynthesi s - note how green dots move through organisms then flash red to represent respiration RED DOTS - represents respiration or combustion - note the red flash of green dots into white dots at soil respiration and animal & plant respiration - and the red flash into white at forest fire & burning of fossil fuels

22. Bacteria in soil and water add Nitrogen back into the atmosphere Link

23. NITROGEN CYCLE 79% of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas but it is in a form most living things cannot use. N2 free nitrogen

24. NITROGEN CYCLE If we can’t take in free nitrogen, how do we acquire it so we can use it in our bodies? Why do we need nitrogen in our bodies?

25. NITROGEN CYCLE How do we acquire usable nitrogen? Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrates. Plants absorb nitrates. Animals eat plants. N 2 in air nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES

26. NITROGEN CYCLE How does the nitrogen return to the atmosphere? Denitrifying bacteria convert the nitrates back into nitrogen. N 2 in air nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES denitrifying bacteria

27. NITROGEN CYCLE Why do we need nitrogen? Nitrogen protein ?

28. NITROGEN CYCLE Can plants & animals use free nitrogen? In what form must N 2 be to be used by plants? What organisms can fix the N 2 into a usable form? N2 free nitrogen nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria

29. NITROGEN CYCLE Simplified Use the next diagram to help you define the relationship of the following terms to the nitrogen cycle. – free N 2 bank – nitrogen fixation – nitrates – organisms – organic material – denitrification

30. organisms NITROGEN CYCLE - simplified Free N 2 in Atmosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES denitrifying bacteria RIP Organic material FREE N 2 “BANK” - Pure nitrogen “banked” in the atmosphere which is made up of 79% nitrogen. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA - nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert free nitrogen into nitrate compounds NITRATES - the form of nitrogen that can be used by organisms ORGANISMS - Plants take in nitrates and use them in their tissues; animals eat the plants and get the nitrates from plant tissues ORGANIC MATERIAL - Dead organisms, animal waste and organic litter are decomposed by bacteria and other decomposers DENITRIFICATION - Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates from decomposition back into free nitrogen.

31. NITROGEN CYCLE nitrogen-fixing bacteria nitrates organic matter denitrifying bacteria gaseous losses (N 2, NO x ) lightning fixes N 2 into nitrates

32. Nitrogen Cycle Find the brown dots entering plants and animals. In what form is the nitrogen? What main organisms “fix” the N for use? (N-fixing bacteria)

33. Link

34. Phosphorus (P) Cycle No phosphorus in atmosphere Rocks –P–Phosphorus released by weathering of rocks P P

35. Plants –A–Absorb P into their roots P

36. Animals –Ingest P when plants eaten –P continues to move up food chain P

37. Phosphorus (P) Cycle Decomposers –Breakdown dead matter and release P into soil P P

38. Phosphorus (P) Cycle Human Contribution –Adding excess P from fertilizers –P washes into lakes, etc… –Excess P causes extreme algae growth P P PP P P

39. Link

40. WATER CYCLE Use the next diagram to help you define the following: – evaporation – condensation – precipitation – transpiration – runoff – accumulation

41. Condendation (clouds form) Condensation Transpiration Precipitation Evaporation Accumulation Run-off water cycle diagram EVAPORATION - water changing from a liquid into a gas (water vapor) CONDENSATION - water vapor (gas) changing to a tiny drops of water (liquid) that form clouds or rain PRECIPITATION - water vapor (gas) changing into a liquid or solid such as rain, hail, sleet or snow TRANSPIRATION - water loss from plants when water vapor goes out through stomates (little openings) in leaves RUN-OFF - water moving across the Earth’s surface (stream, river, gully ) ACCUMULATION - water gathering into an area (pond, lake, stream or ocean)

42. WATER CYCLE Label your diagram of the water cycle.

43. WATER CYCLE Nonliving portions of the water cycle include condensation, evaporation & precipitation. biotic abiotic

44. WATER CYCLE Living portions of the water cycle include plants performing transpiration and water intake by all organisms. biotic abiotic

45. WATER CYCLE Water vapor exits plant leaves during transpiration through tiny openings called stomata.

46. WATER CYCLE Water loss from plant leaves during transpiration is caused in part by the sun’s heat energy in a process similar to the way we lose water when we perspire.

47. WATER CYCLE Why are water cycles said to be driven by the sun? HEAT Heat energy from the sun causes water to evaporate returning water vapor to the atmosphere and transpiration to occur from plants.

48. WATER CYCLE Why are water cycles said to be driven by the sun?

49. WATER CYCLE If water cycles are driven by the sun’s heat energy, what effect would global warming have on the cycle? Global warming occurs when more of the sun’s heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere causing it to be warmer. When the atmosphere is warmer, it evaporates more water and can hold more water vapor. When large water sources are present, this could result in more clouds and more precipitation. In some areas, especially where water sources are less available, the increased evaporation/transpiration could dry out soil and vegetation resulting in loss of plants and more arid conditions. (We will revisit this in Human Impact.)

50. Link

51. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE Animation Biogeochemical Cycles

52. Review Short-term processes of the carbon cycle occurs when producers convert CO 2 to carbohydrates Long-term processes of the carbon cycle occurs when CO 2 is stored in rocks and fossil fuels In the nitrogen cycle atmospheric nitrogen is converted by organisms into a form organisms can use

53. Review The phosphorus cycle is the cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment The hydrologic cycle traces the path of water through the atmosphere, biosphere & geosphere In the rock cycle rocks are continually formed into new rocks by the process of lithification, melting, and recrystallizing

54. Review Humans burn fossil fuels affecting the carbon cycle, they add nitrogen & phosphorus to soils, they contaminate our water, and they remove materials from Earth.