1. http://www.math.fsu.edu/~quine/IntroMathBio_04/Proteins/myoglobin_geis.jpg myoglobin

2. When DNA copies….. It copy's in a very specific order. It copies 5’-3’ from a 3’-5’ Template.

4. That means the DNA strand is in the following order… DNA

5. That means the DNA strand is in the following order…

10. Double Helix

11. Nucleotides: basic molecule of DNA Pyrimidine

12. Nucleotides: basic molecule of DNA Purine

13. Pyrimidines and Purines Made up of a 1.Sugar (5 carbon) 2.Phosphate group 3.Nitric Base

14. DNA Replication http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.ht mlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.ht ml

15. HHarmful AAdaptive NNo Value WWhether or not a trait is Adaptive, Harmful, or No Value is Time and Locationspecific

16. Harmful – These types of mutations are detrimental to the organism Either causing it to be less well adapted for its environment, or by causing a basic life function of the animal to function deficiently or not at all

17. www.ridacritter.com/ site_map.htm http://www.ridacritter.com/albino%20sqhttp://www.moosefoundation.org/pictures/albino.jpgrrel%20005.jpg http://www.ridacritter.com/albino%20squirrel%20http://www.weforanimals.com/free-pictures/wild-animals/moose/1/Bull%20Moose%20Resting%20in%20Vegetation%20-%20Burger,%20Carl%20- %20USFWS.JPG005.jpg

18. Take a minutes… Write a brief list of how the albino organisms color mutation is detrimental to that organism’s survival in the wild.

19. Adaptive – These types of mutations cause the organism to gain some advantage that increases its ability to survive and reproduce successfully

20. Adaptive Examples: The ability to utilize another food source Disease immunity or resistance Makes the organism more competitive More successful at passing on genes

21. Examples: Disease immunity or resistance http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/sicklecell.jpg

22. What Is Sickle Cell Anemia? Sickle cell anemia (uh-NEE-me-uh) is the most common form of sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent. Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They move easily through your blood vessels. Red blood cells contain an iron-rich protein called hemoglobin (HEE-muh-glow-bin). This protein carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin called sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. Sickle hemoglobin causes the cells to develop a sickle, or crescent, shape. Sickle cells are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and organ damage. It can also raise the risk for infection.

24. Where do you commonly see Sickle Cell Anemia?

25. Where do we commonly see malaria epidemic outbreaks?

27. Fitness “ The relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool to the next generation” Cambell, Biology

28. Biological Imperatives 1. Survive 2. Reproduce

29. Biological Species Concept Species are members of populations that interbreed in nature, and whose offspring are fertile; not according to similarity of appearance

30. No Value – These types of mutations do nothing to either harm the organism or to make them more fit

31. Mutations assist a species because they cause a variety of variations to exist within that species. Adaptive mutations increase the fitness of a species by providing increased variation

32. Competition Conflict that arises between individuals or groups in the process of acquiring limited resources

35. Differences between RNA and DNA RNA has only a SINGLE Strand (DNA is Double Stranded) RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose RNA polymerase can start the RNA transcription without a primer

36. Differences between RNA and DNA RNA uses Uracil(U) instead of Thymine(T) More errors occur in an RNA copy than in DNA copy of nucleotides (10 3 more than in DNA) FACT: DNA has a transcription error approximately every 10 7 nucleotides. RNA has an error approximately every 10 4 !

37. Differences between RNA and DNA WHY are there more errors in RNA Transcription? One of several reasons is that in rare instances Uracil can also bond with Guanine

38. Is this a Bad thing? WHY are there more errors in RNA Transcription? One of several reasons is that in rare instance Uracil can also bond with Guanine RNA is a temporary copy in Eukaryotes

39. Types of RNA mRNA= messenger RNA codes for a protein

40. Types of RNA tRNA= transfer RNA central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids

41. Types of RNA rRNA= ribosomal RNA form the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis

43. Transcription- the synthesis of RNA under DNA (occurs in the nucleus) Translation- the actual synthesis of a polypeptide coded for by the mRNA. (changing the base sequence of the mRNA molecule into a chain of amino acids that form a polypeptide. For our purposes a protein.)

44. An mRNA copy is made from DNA in the Nucleus

45. The DNA strand from which the mRNA is copied is the TEMPLATE STRAND

46. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters a ribosome (made up of rRNA)

47. tRNA collects a specific amino acids present in the cell and brings it to the ribosome

48. The anticodon of the tRNA matches up with its counterpart codon on the mRNA

49. When the mRNA & the tRNA link up the amino acid detaches and is connected to the adjacent amino acid

50. This chain of amino acids is a protein (polypeptide)

51. rRNA Ribosome

52. rRNA mRNA enters the “A” site of the ribosome

53. rRNA When the first codon reaches the “P” site the tRNA brings down the amino acid and links up with the mRNA

54. rRNA The “E” site is where the amino acid separates form the tRNA and links up to adjacent amino acids. This is where the MRNA and tRNA leave the ribosome

56. ANTICODONS Anticodon Anticodons specify which amino acid a tRNA collects The anticodon then pairs up with its corresponding codon

57. ANTICODONS Anticodon So for example... The anticodon AGU would pair with the codon UCA. THEY ARE OPPOSITES OF EACH OTHER

59. So What's a codon? Codon This basic unit of genetic code is 3 nucleotides long It specifies a specific amino acid Each codon only specifies 1 amino acid (BUT…an amino acid may have several different codons that code for it)

60. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/trna-1.gif&imgrefurl=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/Chapter05.html&h=382&w=283&sz=37&tbnid=G8z7JoxTdy0J:&tbnh=119&tbnw=88&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3DtRNA%26svnum%3D50%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official_s%26sa%3DG

61. THE END http://www.chemistry.emory.edu/faculty/lynn/research/dna/template.gif