1. GERUNDS, INFINITIVES, AND PARTICIPLES

2. GERUNDS are used to express actions that are real, concrete and completed. ◦ The base form of a verb + -ing. ◦ When a noun looks like a verb with -ing, it is called a gerund.  Can be the subject of a sentence: Jogging is good exercise. To jog is good exercise.  Can be the object of a verb: I like reading books. I like to read books.  Can be the object of a preposition, for example: We are talking about swimming in English class. We discussed quitting smoking for good. ◦ If you want to use an action word in a place that requires a noun, you can usually use a verb with an -ing ending. ◦ For example:Fishing is fun. ◦ Hiking is difficult. ◦ That is ballet dancing. ◦ In these sentences, fishing, hiking, and dancing look like verbs, but they are not verbs. They are nouns. When a noun looks like a verb with -ing, it is called a gerund.

3. INFINITIVES are used to express actions that are unreal, abstract or may be in the future. ◦ The base form of a verb + to. ◦ For example: To sleep ◦ To wash ◦ To love ◦ Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be both subjects and objects in sentences. ◦ Subject: To study hard will increase your chances of getting into college. ◦ Object: Kathy wants to study with her friends.

4. ExampleMeaning GerundLouise stopped drinking soda. She doesn’t drink soda anymore. InfinitiveLouise stopped to drink soda. She stopped doing an activity because she wanted to drink soda. Gerunds and infinitives can use the same verb. However, the way the verb is used in each part of speech can change the meaning of the sentence.

5. Though there are always exceptions to the following, here are two suggestions that will help you distinguish the difference between infinitives and gerunds: Suggestion #1 Infinitives are more often used to answer WHY-questions. Look at the following conversation: Louise: I stopped. Harry: Why? Louise: I stopped to drink water. Gerunds are usually not used to answer why-questions. Gerunds are nouns. Gerunds directly receive actions (when in the object position) just like other nouns. I stopped the car. (object-noun) I stopped the thief. (object-noun) I stopped arguing. (object-gerund=noun)

6. Suggestion #2 Infinitives in the subject position are often used for general or habitual actions. Here are some examples: To live a happy life is everyone ’ s deepest desire. To err is human, to forgive, divine. (Shakespeare) To fix a car requires a lot more than a screwdriver. NOTE: All of these sentences can use gerunds (living a happy life is everyone ’ s deepest desire). When the action happened in the past, a gerund is usually used. This action happened in the past. Therefore, use a gerund. Using an infinitive to refer to a past action is not as common and natural as using a gerund.

7. Practice: Identify each of the following as a gerund or infinitive. I forget locking the door. Gerund I forgot to lock the door. Infinitive I stopped drinking soda. Gerund I stopped to drink soda. Infinitive

8. VerbPast ParticiplePresent Participle risethe risen sunthe rising sun boilthe boiled waterthe boiling water breakthe broken newsthe breaking news cookthe cooked hamthe cooking ham A PARTICIPLE is a word formed as a verb that can be used as an adjective. There are two main types of participles: Present Participle-ends in – ing Past Participle-ends in – ed, -en **Note: Each of these are used to describe (adjective) not as an action (verb).