3. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration A Gregorio Educational Production

4. Outline I. Primary Food Providers A. Autotrophs B. Heterotrophs II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions III. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions

5. Primary Food Providers Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food (carbohydrates) from inorganic materials Plants are the primary autotrophs, using the process of Photosynthesis to make food They use the food to grow. Most of the rest of Earth’s life eat the plants to get food

6. PhotoAutotrophs – organisms that produce food using the energy in sunlight Plants are the primary photoautotrophs ChemoAutotrophs – organisms that produce food using the energy in chemicals (dirt, rocks, metals, gases and elements) Certain Bacteria are the primary chemoautotrophs

7. Heterotrophs – organisms that must get energy by eating food produced by plants or other living things All animal life on Earth, all humans, insects, fish, birds, reptiles, protozoa, and most bacteria are heterotrophs

8. Photosynthesis The equation is: light energy + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) + 6O 2 sunlight + 6 carbon dioxides + 6 waters = 1 sugar + 6 oxygen Plants can make different carbohydrate sugars sugar Photosynthesis - is an amazing chemical process inside plant cells that converts sunlight, Carbon Dioxide and Water … into food (sugars) and Oxygen.

9. Photosynthesis video –

10. Photosynthesis It’s simple! The raw materials are sunlight, CO 2 from air, and water from the soil The finished products are sugars (carbohydrates), and oxygen gas

11. A single plant cell can have over 100 chloroplasts Each Chloroplast has a complex inner structure with lots of organic chemicals and enzymes The key organic compound involved in capturing sunlight and turning it into chemical energy, is called “Chlorophyll”. It is green in color. Photosynthesis takes place inside a plant organelle called the Chloroplast WHOA! 100 or more!

12. Chlorophyll Chlorophyll is an organic chemical that comes in several varieties. The main variety (chlorophyll a), is located in round structures within the chloroplasts called “Thylakoids” Thylakoids containing chlorophyll Chlorophyll is in these Thylakoids Chlorophyll is Colored green because it absorbs all 7 colors of light, except green. Green is reflected from the molecule and exits the plant leaf, where it enters your eye and you see green. All colors in Green out

13. The color of light affects photosynthesis Since the energy in green light is not absorbed well by chlorophyll, the plant does not use green light to carry out photosynthesis. Shine green light on a plant, and photosynthesis is low Shine orange or red light on a plant, and photosynthesis is high Shine purple or blue light on a plant, and photosynthesis is high Great color!!! Bad color!!! Good Color!!!

14. Summary of Stage 1 - Light Reactions 1. Sunlight strikes Chlorophyll inside the Chloroplast and is “captured” ATP NADPH 2. Water molecules enter the chloroplast O2O2 3. The captured sun energy is used to split the hydrogen off the water molecules. High-energy molecules of ATP & NADPH are produced 4. Oxygen is released as a waste product. It leaves the cell and enters the air Light Reactions Light + H 2 O = ATP + NADPH + O 2

15. Stage 2 - Dark Reactions (LIGHT NOT NEEDED) ( also called Carbon Fixation or the Calvin cycle ) 5. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) enters the leaves from the air through small openings called “Stomata”. ATP NADPH CO 2 6. The ATP and NADPH high-energy molecules are used to bond the CO 2 molecules together to form a molecule of carbohydrate (glucose or other sugars), 7. The carbohydrate exits the chloroplast and enters the rest of the cells in the leaf Dark Reactions – Calvin cycle CO 2 + ATP + NADPH = Carbohydrate sugars sugar 8. The sugars are used by the plant cells as food, or are eaten by other animals Thanks Mr. Plant! stomata CO 2 then passes into a Chloroplast.

16. SUMMARY Sunlight, Water and CO 2 in – Sugar and O 2 out Official Equation light energy + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → 1 sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) + 6O 2

17. Understand these 10 terms Photosynthesis Chloroplast Thylakoids Chlorophyll Stomata Light Reactions Calvin Cycle Reactions ATP and NADPH Carbohydrate Light + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O = sugar + 6O 2 Thylakoids

18. Complete the worksheet questions and sketches

19. Cellular Respiration It is the source of all your power!

20. Cellular Respiration Is the conversion of chemical energy in carbohydrates (sugars), + oxygen into chemical energy that cells use Cellular energy is stored in the form of a molecule called ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) CO 2 gas and H 2 O water are produced as wastes and are discarded Two types of respiration: – Aerobic (uses oxygen) naerobic (does not use oxygen) Overall Aerobic Respiration Reaction: Sugar + Oxygen → CO 2 + water + 36 ATP Molecules

21. What is ATP? It is a molecule that “stores” energy in its bonds When used, the energy in ATP can act on other compounds like enzymes to make or break chemical bonds ATP stands for “Adenosine Triphosphate”

22. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is made of three parts: Adenine + Ribose together is called Adenosine The last phosphate bond is a high-energy covalent bond Adenine (a nucleotide) Ribose (a sugar) Triphosphate Adenosine High-energy bond Adenine Triphosphate Ribose ATP

23. ATP video

24. Formation of ADP Adenine Ribose Triphosphate Adenosine High-energy bond breaks when cells use the energy in the bond P Now called ADP Adenosine DiPhosphate ATP Diphosphate The 3 rd Phosphate group drifts away, leaving only 2 Phosphate groups ADP forms when a cell uses up the energy in ATP, and the last phosphate group breaks away.

25. Formation of ATP Adenine Ribose Adenosine As the video showed and as you will see shortly, during cell respiration, a cell uses the breakdown of glucose to add a phosphate group back onto ADP, to form ATP again ADP Diphosphate Glucose breakdown ATP Triphosphate P

26. Cellular Respiration Occurs in two forms 1) Aerobic Respiration - (requires oxygen) 2) Anaerobic Respiration (occurs without oxygen) Respiration occurs in all living cells, from animal to plant to bacterial cells Life could not exist without it

27. Overall Aerobic Respiration Reaction: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP molecules sugar + oxygen → carbon dioxide + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 36 ADP molecules → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP molecules

28. Cellular Respiration Overview We start with a cell All eukaryote cells contain cytoplasm and mitochondria Let us zoom in on the cytoplasm and mitochondria

29. Cellular Respiration Overview Step 1 – A molecule of sugar (glucose) enters the cell cytoplasm Question – specifically how does glucose get into the cytoplasm? Answer – It diffuses into the cell through the cell membrane

30. Glycolysis Glycolysis Step 2 – An enzyme splits the glucose into 2 pieces, called “Pyruvate”. The process is called “Glycolysis”. ATP Question – Which are the enzyme substrates … and products? Answer – The glucose and ADP are the substrates. 2 Pyruvate molecules + 2 ATP molecules are the products Glycolysis The split also converts 2 ADP into 2 ATP Molecules

31. Krebs/Citric Acid cycle Step 3 – The Pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria and are broken up by enzymes to produce 2 more ATP molecules, plus 6 CO 2 molecules. NADH and FADH 2 are also produced The CO 2 leaves the cell as waste The ATP is available for use by the cell for energy NADH ATP 6 CO 2 FADH 2 Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

32. Electron Transport chain Step 4 – Inside the Mitochondria, 6 oxygen (O 2 ) molecules plus the NADH and FADH 2 are used to drive additional reactions that produce 32 more ATP molecules 6 waters (H 2 O) are also produced, and exit the cell ATP O2O2 6 H 2 O The ATP molecules leave the mitochondria and diffuse into the cell cytoplasm O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 Electron Transport NADH FADH 2

33. Electron Carriers Many protein Enzymes are used to carry out these reactions and conversions The mitochondria also use other chemicals called “Electron carriers”. Their names are NADH, and FADH 2 Just be aware that they are used

34. Extra Credit (2 EC Points): Type a list of ALL the enzymes used in Aerobic Respiration, and in what part of the 3-step process are they used? No cut and paste. List MUST be typed No handwritten submissions

35. Cellular Respiration Video

36. Aerobic Respiration Summary – Glycolysis 2 ATP – Krebs/Citric Acid cycle 2 ATP – Electron Transport chain32 ATP 36 ATP Sugar + Oxygen → CO 2 + water + 36 ATP Molecules C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP Molecules

37. Photosynthesis and Respiration The two processes work together in a big cycle Plants use water and CO 2 to produce oxygen and sugars and ATP through Photosynthesis. Cells use those sugars and oxygen to produce more ATP, plus CO 2 and water. The plants use the CO 2 and water to make more sugars It’s a big cycle party!

38. The Biosphere 2 Located near Tucson, AZ – built in 1980’s Closed system – photosynthesis and respiration

39. Extra credit – 4 points Prepare a 7 slide PP show with lots of graphics, explaining WHY Biosphere 2 was built, and why it failed as a closed system. What went wrong? Put the show on a flash drive/memory stick or on your groupFusion page. If you include music, make sure the music files are also included. I will review and show the best show to the class. You will narrate.

40. Anaerobic Respiration If oxygen is NOT available to a cell, it can still make ATP, but it makes only 2 ATP molecules instead of 36 ATP. Anaerobic respiration follows different chemical cycles and pathways called “Fermentation” Waste products of fermentation include CO 2, “lactic acid”, a substance that hurts muscles, and alcohol (as in beer/wine) Every time your muscles hurt after exercise, it is because your cells ran low on oxygen, and had to use anaerobic respiration to keep your muscles working Some bacteria and yeasts on Earth live without any oxygen. All their energy comes from anaerobic respiration. We use their waste products to produce wine and beer and bread

41. Understand these terms Cellular Respiration Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Glycolysis Pyruvate Krebs//Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport chain NADH and FADH 2 1 Sugar + 6O 2 = 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation) – no oxygen – Only 2 ATP made CO 2, Lactic Acid and Alcohol are waste products