1. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 17 First Aid

2. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:1 Providing First Aid Immediate care given to the victim of an accident or illness to minimize the effect of injury or illness until experts can take over Can mean the difference between life and death, recovery versus permanent disability

3. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of First Aid Remain calm and avoid panic Evaluate situation thoroughly Have a reason for anything you do Treatment will vary based on injury or illness, environment, others present, equipment or supplies on hand, availability of medical help

4. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of First Aid First step: recognize that an emergency exists – Use all senses to detect problems – Sometimes signs of emergency are obvious and at other times they are less obvious Next step: take action to assist victim(s) – Check scene and make sure approach is safe

5. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of First Aid Avoid dangerous pitfalls and provide efficient care – If not safe, call for medical help – If safe, approach the victim Call emergency medical services (EMS) as soon as possible

6. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of First Aid If possible, obtain the victim’s permission before providing any care Triage if necessary – Treat life-threatening injuries first Examine the victim thoroughly

7. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of First Aid Have a sound reason for any action you take Report abnormalities to EMS Obtain as much information about accident, injury, or illness as possible

8. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary Obtain qualified help as soon as possible Avoid any unnecessary movement of victim Reassure victim If victim is unconscious or vomiting, avoid giving anything to eat or drink Protect victim from cold or chilling; avoid overheating

9. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary Work quickly and in an organized and efficient manner Do not make a diagnosis or discuss condition with observers at scene – Maintain confidentiality/right to privacy Avoid further injury

10. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:2 Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): – Cardio: heart – Pulmonary: lungs – Resuscitation: to remove from apparent death or unconsciousness When performing CPR, you breathe for patient and circulate blood

11. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:2 Performing CPR Purpose: keep oxygenated blood flowing to brain and other vital body organs Performed until the heart and lungs start working again or until medical help is available Clinical versus biological death

12. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Components of CPR C-A-B-D – C stands for circulation – A stands for airway – B stands for breathing – D stands for defibrillation

13. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Components of CPR Automated external defibrillator (AED) – Provides electric shock to restore normal electrical pattern and rhythm – Adult and child shock dosages – Use CPR until an AED is available

14. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of CPR Evaluate victim ’ s condition before starting CPR – Check if patient is conscious – If unconscious, check for breathing – If not breathing, call for help

15. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of CPR If alone, call before providing care to – Unconscious adult – Unconscious child at puberty – Unconscious infant or child with high risk for heart problem – Victim with sudden cardiac arrest

16. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of CPR Shout for help and start CPR for – Unconscious child or infant (age 1 year to puberty) – Victim of drowning or near drowning – Victim with cardiac arrest caused by drug overdose or trauma

17. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of CPR If no help arrives, administer five cycles of CPR, then call for EMS Return to providing care Check carotid pulse in neck to determine whether cardiac compression is needed – If no pulse within 10 seconds, start compressions

18. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Principles of CPR Correct hand placement is needed before performing chest compressions – Refer to Figures 17-6A and 17-6B in Text After 30 compressions, open airway using head-tilt/chin-lift method

19. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children One-person adult rescue for adult – 30 compressions followed by 2 ventilations (30:2 ratio) Two-person adult rescue for adult – 30 compressions by one rescuer followed with 2 ventilations by the second rescuer (30:2 ratio)

20. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children CPR for infants (birth to 1 year) – 30 compressions followed by 2 ventilations for one rescuer (30:2 ratio) – 15 compressions followed by 2 ventilations for two rescuers (15:2 ratio)

21. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CPR for Adults, Infants, and Children CPR for children (1 year to puberty) – 30 compressions followed by 2 ventilations for one rescuer (30:2 ratio) – 15 compressions followed by 2 ventilations for two rescuers (15:2 ratio)

22. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choking Victims If conscious and coughing, talking or making noise – Airway is not completely obstructed – Encourage to cough hard

23. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choking Victims In conscious but not able to talk, make noise, or breathe – Airway is completely obstructed – Administer abdominal thrusts

24. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choking Victims If unconscious with obstructed airway – Begin CPR – Start with compressions – If object is visible try to remove it

25. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choking Victims If victim is an infant (birth to one year) – Give 5 back blows – Give 5 chest thrusts – Check mouth – Remove visible obstruction

26. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choking Victims If victim is child aged 1 to 12 – Follow sequence used for adult If victim is pregnant or obese – Perform chest thrusts

27. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choking Victims Once CPR is started, continue unless – Victim recovers, starts to breathe – Qualified help arrives – Physician orders you to discontinue

28. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choking Victims Once CPR is started, continue unless – Rescuer becomes physically exhausted and cannot continue – Scene is unsafe – Legally valid DNR order is provided

29. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:3 Providing First Aid for Bleeding and Wounds Wound is an injury to soft tissues Open – Break in skin or mucous membranes Closed – No break in skin or mucous membranes, but injury occurs to underlying tissues

30. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Open Wounds Abrasion Incision Laceration Puncture Avulsion Amputation

31. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Controlling Bleeding First priority because victim can bleed to death quickly Bleeding can come from arteries, veins, or capillaries Observe standard precautions

32. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Controlling Bleeding Four methods – Direct pressure – Elevation – Pressure bandages – Pressure on pressure points

33. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Controlling Bleeding After severe bleeding is controlled, obtain medical help Do not disturb clots Do not remove dressings Do not attempt to clean wound

34. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Minor Wounds First priority—prevention of infection Wash hands before caring for wound Put on gloves Wash wound with soap, water, sterile gauze Rinse wound with cool water Use sterile supplies

35. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Minor Wounds Signs of infection – Swelling – Heat – Redness – Pain – Fever – Pus – Red streaks

36. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Minor Wounds Tetanus bacteria can easily enter an open wound – Can cause serious illness or death – Most common in puncture wounds, wounds with damage to tissue underneath skin – Get tetanus shot or booster as needed

37. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Minor Wounds Objects may remain in tissues or become embedded in wound – Splinters, pieces of glass, or small stones – If superficial, gently remove – Objects embedded in tissues should be left for removal by physician

38. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Closed Wounds Can occur anywhere on body as result of injury If bruise, use cold application to reduce swelling Observe for signs of internal bleeding Get medical help

39. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Closed Wounds Symptoms of internal bleeding – Pain, tenderness, swelling, deformity, cold clammy skin, blood pressure drop, restlessness, excessive thirst, vomited blood, blood in urine or feces Check breathing and treat for shock Avoid unnecessary movement No food or fluids to victim

40. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:4 Providing First Aid for Shock Also called hypoperfusion Shock – Signs and symptoms of inadequate blood supply to body organs, especially brain and heart – Can lead to death Refer to Table 17-1 in Text

41. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Causes of Shock Hemorrhage Excessive pain Infection Heart attack Stroke Chemical/drug/gas poisoning Lack of oxygen Psychological trauma Dehydration

42. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Signs and Symptoms Skin is pale or cyanotic Skin is cool or cold to the touch Diaphoresis Rapid and weak pulse Respirations rapid, shallow, and may be irregular

43. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Signs and Symptoms Blood pressure very low or unobtainable General weakness Anxiety and extreme restlessness Excessive thirst, nausea, and/or vomiting Blurred vision or change in appearance of eyes or pupils

44. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Treatment for Shock Shock is life-threatening – Reduce effects or eliminate cause of shock – Position victim based on injuries to improve circulation – Cover patient to avoid chilling/exposure – Provide adequate oxygen

45. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Treatment for Shock Watch for signs of shock when providing first aid for any illness or injury Obtain medical help as soon as possible if shock is suspected Refer to Procedure 17:4 in Text

46. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:5 Providing First Aid for Poisoning Can happen to anyone, at any age Can be via ingestion, inhalation, injection, skin contact Poison – Any substance that causes a harmful reaction to the outside or inside of the body

47. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:5 Providing First Aid for Poisoning Immediate action is needed Anaphylactic shock is a common reaction – Refer to Table 17-1 in Text First aid varies depending on type of poison, injury involved, and method of contact

48. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ingestion Poisoning First objective is to prevent absorption Call poison control center (PCC) or emergency medical services (EMS) Save label of substance taken Calculate/estimate amount of substance taken and time consumed

49. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ingestion Poisoning If victim vomits, save sample If PCC recommends vomiting, induce vomiting Activated charcoal may be recommended to bind to poison and halt absorption – Only give to victims who are conscious and can swallow

50. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Inhalation Poisoning Remove victim from area before treatment If area is unsafe, do not enter Do not breathe when rescuing patient After rescue, check patient’s breathing Provide artificial respiration if needed Obtain medical help

51. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Contact Poisoning For chemicals or poisons – Use large amounts of water to flush skin – Remove contaminated clothing/jewelry – Call PCC or physician – Obtain medical help

52. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Contact Poisoning For contact with poisonous plants – Wash area with soap and water – Use Calamine/Caladryl if rash or weeping sores develop – If severe or affecting large body areas/face, obtain medical help

53. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Injection Poisoning Occurs when insect, spider, or snake bites or stings an individual If arm or leg affected, keep below heart level Insect stings – Remove stinger, wash area, apply sterile dressing and cold pack

54. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Injection Poisoning Embedded ticks – Remove with tweezers, wash area with soap and water, apply antiseptic, watch for infection, obtain medical help Snake or spider bite – Wash wound, immobilize injured area (lower than heart), monitor breathing, obtain medical help

55. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Injection Poisoning Watch for allergic reaction for any injection poisoning – Redness and swelling at site, itching, hives, pain, swelling of throat, difficult/labored breathing, change in level of consciousness – Refer to Figure 7-23 in Text

56. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:6 Providing First Aid for Burns Injury caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation, and/or electricity Classifications of burns – Superficial (first-degree) – Partial-thickness (second-degree) – Full-thickness (third-degree)

57. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Treatment Remove source of heat Cool affected skin area Cover the burn Relieve pain Observe for and treat shock Prevent infection

58. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Treatment Usually not required for superficial and mild partial-thickness burns Rule of nines – Refer to Figure 17-26 How to treat superficial and mild partial- thickness burns

59. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Treatment How to treat severe partial- or full-thickness burns How to treat chemical burns – If eyes are burned by chemicals or irritating gases, flush with large amounts of water for 15 to 30 minutes Dehydration can result quickly with severe burns

60. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure Overexposure to heat may cause a chemical imbalance in the body that can lead to death Occurs when water and salt are lost through perspiration Also occurs when body cannot eliminate excess heat

61. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure Heat cramps – Caused by exposure to heat – Muscle pains and spasms from loss of water, salt – Firm pressure on cramped muscle to provide relief – Provide rest and move to cooler area – Small sips of water or electrolyte solution

62. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure Heat exhaustion – Occurs when exposed to heat with loss of fluids through sweating – Signs and symptoms – Can develop into heat stroke if not treated – First aid care

63. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure Heat stroke – Prolonged exposure to higher than normal temperatures – Medical emergency requiring immediate care – Body unable to eliminate excess heat; internal body temperature rises to 105°F

64. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure Heat stroke – Normal body defenses for temperature control no longer function – Signs and symptoms – First aid care geared toward quickly cooling the body

65. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure Exposure to cold temperatures can cause body tissues to freeze, body processes to slow down Needs immediate attention, as death may result Degree of injury affected by wind velocity, humidity, length of exposure to cold

66. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure Hypothermia – When body temperature is less than 95°F (35°C) – Caused by prolonged exposure to cold – Signs and symptoms – Death possible if body processes are too slowed down – First aid care includes slow warming

67. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure Frostbite – Freezing of tissue fluids with damage to skin and underlying tissues – Caused by exposure to freezing or below-freezing temperatures – Early signs and symptoms are redness and tingling – Other signs and symptoms as frostbite progresses

68. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure Frostbite – Objectives of first aid – Common sites: fingers, toes, ears, nose, cheeks – First aid care: avoid further injury – Assess for signs and symptoms of shock and treat as needed

69. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:9 Providing First Aid for Bone and Joint Injuries Frequently occur during accidents or falls with variety of injuries – Fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains May have more than one type of injury to bones and joints at the same time

70. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fractures Break in the bone Closed or simple fracture Compound or open fracture Signs and symptoms vary Objectives of first aid

71. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dislocations End of bone is displaced from a joint or moved out of its normal position within a joint Often, tearing or stretching of ligaments, muscles, and other soft tissues also occurs Signs and symptoms First aid care similar to care for fractures

72. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sprains Injury to tissues surrounding a joint Common sites: ankles and wrists Signs and symptoms Sprains often resemble fractures or dislocations—treat as fracture if in doubt First aid care

73. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Strains Overstretching of a muscle Caused by overexertion or lifting Frequent site: back Signs and symptoms First aid treatment

74. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Splints Devices to immobilize injured parts Types of splints – Inflatable or air splints – Padded boards – Traction splints Can be made from cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards, etc.

75. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Splints Must be long enough to immobilize joint above and below injured area to prevent movement Should be padded Tie in place Apply without pressure on affected area

76. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Splints If open wound is present, control bleeding before applying splint Never attempt to reposition bone Observe precautions when using pneumatic splint Traction splints

77. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Splints After splint application – Verify that splint is not too tight – Check skin temperature – Check skin color – Note swelling or edema

78. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Splints After splint application – Note numbness or tingling – Check pulse If circulation is impaired, immediately loosen the ties

79. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Slings Commercial slings Triangular bandages used in first aid Used to support arm, hand, forearm, shoulder Positioning of sling Check circulation

80. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Slings Limit movement of limb If using triangular bandage with knot at neck – Check knot placement – Use gauze padding under knot Considerations for shoulder injury

81. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Neck and Spine Injuries Most dangerous types of injuries involving bones and joints Avoid moving the patient, which can result in permanent injury or paralysis Wait for backboard and adequate help to arrive for transfer

82. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:10 Providing First Aid for Specific Injuries Injuries to specific body parts require special care Examples of specific body parts – Eyes, ears, nose, brain, chest, abdomen, and genital organs

83. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Eye Injuries Always involves danger of vision loss Best to avoid giving major treatment Obtaining help of a specialist is priority Foreign objects in the eye Blows to the eye Penetrating injuries that cut eye tissue

84. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ear Injuries Can result in rupture or perforation of eardrum Torn or detached tissue Ruptured or perforated eardrum Clear fluid or blood-tinged fluid draining from ear

85. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Head or Skull Injuries Wounds and blows to head and skull can cause brain injury Seek medical help quickly as possible Signs and symptoms First aid care Watch for signs of respiratory distress

86. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nose Injuries Nosebleeds (epistaxis) are usually more frightening than serious Causes of nosebleeds First aid care Wear gloves or use a protective barrier

87. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chest Injuries Usually medical emergencies – May involve heart, lungs, and major vessels Sucking chest wound Penetrating injuries to chest Crushing chest injuries

88. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Abdominal Injuries Can cause damage to internal organs and bleeding in major blood vessels Intestines and other abdominal organs may protrude from open wound Medical emergency

89. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Abdominal Injuries Bleeding, shock, and damage to organs can be fatal Signs and symptoms Position victim flat on back First aid care

90. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Injuries to Genital Organs Result from falls, blows, or explosions Zippers catching on genitals, other accidents Can cause severe pain, bleeding, and shock Wear gloves or use protective barrier First aid care

91. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:11 Providing First Aid for Sudden Illness Can be difficult to determine exact illness being experienced Base care on signs and symptoms Obtain information from victim if possible Look for medical alert bracelets or necklaces or medical cards

92. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Heart Attack Also called coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion, or myocardial infarction May occur when one or more coronary arteries is blocked If heart attack is severe, victim may die

93. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Heart Attack If heart stops, start CPR Signs and symptoms vary based on damage Signs and symptoms are often more subtle in women First aid care

94. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cerebrovascular Accident or Stroke A stroke is also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), apoplexy, or cerebral thrombosis Caused by clot in a cerebral artery or hemorrhage in blood vessel in brain

95. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cerebrovascular Accident or Stroke Signs and symptoms: FAST – F = face – A = arms – S = speech – T = time First aid care

96. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fainting Temporary reduction in supply of blood to brain Early signs and treatment If victim loses consciousness, try to prevent injury Obtain medical help if recovery is not prompt, there are other injuries, or fainting reoccurs

97. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Convulsion Type of seizure – Strong involuntary contraction of muscles Causes Progression of a convulsion First aid care is directed at preventing self- injury

98. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diabetic Reactions Diabetes mellitus – Metabolic disorder caused by lack of or insufficient production of insulin Diabetic coma (hyperglycemia) Insulin shock (hypoglycemia)

99. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diabetic Reactions Differentiate between diabetic coma and insulin shock and treat accordingly Refer to Figure 17-42 in Text

100. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:12 Applying Dressings and Bandages Dressing – Sterile covering used to control bleeding – Materials used in dressings – Dressings can be held in place with tape or a bandage

101. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:12 Applying Dressings and Bandages Bandages – Used to hold dressings in place, to secure splints, to support and protect body parts – Apply snugly to control bleeding/prevent dressing movement; do not interfere with circulation – Types include roller gauze, triangular, elastic

102. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:12 Applying Dressings and Bandages Method used to wrap bandage depends on body part (refer to Procedure 17:12 in Text) – Spiral – Figure-eight for joints – Recurrent or finger wrap

103. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17:12 Applying Dressings and Bandages Signs of poor or impaired circulation – Swelling or edema – Pale or cyanotic color – Coldness to touch – Numbness or tingling Check nail bed circulation for bandages on hand, arm, leg, or foot