1. Actualité et faits de société Licence 1 Lecture 3 Immigration and multiculturalism in the UK

2. An island of immigrants? Robin Cook, 2001, Foreign Secretary (Labour) “The British are not a race, but a gathering of countless different races and communities, the vast majority of which were not indigenous to these islands.” “London was first established as the capital of a Celtic Britain by Romans from Italy. They were in turn driven out by Saxons and Angles from Germany. The great cathedrals of this land were built mostly by Norman Bishops”

3. An island of immigrants? the Celts and the Picts (from 600 BC) the Romans (from Italy, with foreign legionnaires) (43 BC – 410 AD) the Jutes, Angles and the Saxons (from Denmark) (5th – 6th centuries) the Vikings (from Scandinavia) (9th – 12th centuries) the Normans (from France) (from 1066)

4. 1. Immigration and the birth of a multicultural, multiracial society British Empire (16th – 20th century) ‘the Empire on which the sun never sets’

5. 1. Immigration and the birth of a multicultural, multiracial society 19th century: heyday of the Empire and Industrial revolution Irish immigrants freed slaves from Caribbean  servants Indian students, sailors and servants Chinese traders (Opium, laundries) Jews from Poland, Russia and Ukraine escaping progroms

6. 2. New Commonwealth Immigrants, 20th century DEFINITION: New Commonwealth: former colonies of the British Empire, especially in non-White areas (India, Jamaica, Pakistan, Hong Kong) (vs. Old Commonwealth: colonies of settlement, already independent in the mid 20th century: Australia, Canada, NZ)

7. 2. New Commonwealth Immigrants, 20th century 2.1. The end of WWII and Black Caribbeans colonies took part in WWII: Jamaica (RAF), India (2 million soldiers) helping the ‘Mother Country’, escaping poverty “I heard that Hitler said Black people were inferior. I thought, alright, I'll show you how inferior I am” (a future Jamaican soldier) 1948: Empire Windrush ship: 492 Jamaican workers rebuilding Britain, hit by German bombings  1948: British Nationality Act: all imperial/Commonwealth subjects get a British passport Bristol, London: not well received by the population 1962, 1968, 1971: Commonwealth Immigration Acts introduced by the Tories and Labour to limit large-scale immigration

8. 2. New Commonwealth Immigrants, 20th century 2.2. Decolonisation: Asia and Africa DEFINITION: South Asia: the Indian subcontinent  South Asians = Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis (+ Sri Lanka) 1947: Indian independence and partition, leading to the creation of the state of Pakistan (Muslim majority)

9. 2. New Commonwealth Immigrants, 20th century After 1947, many people were displaced, homeless  start a new life in Britain London, Birmingham, Leicester, Sheffield (Southeast but also West Midlands and Northern England)

10. 2. New Commonwealth Immigrants, 20th century 1971: Civil War in Pakistan  creation of the country of Bangladesh  arrival of Bangladeshi immigrants transports, public service, restaurants South Asian community: very varied (different languages, religions, etc) 1950s-1960s: Chinese immigration, mainly from British Protectorate Hong Kong (and new boom after 1997)

11. 2. New Commonwealth Immigrants, 20th century Black Africans: -1950s and 1960s: male immigration mainly, for higher education -After independence of English-speaking countries, some fled dictatorship and tyranny (Nigeria, Uganda, Ghana)

12. 3. Recent trends: European immigration and asylum seekers EU enlargement and opening of borders: massive immigration from Eastern European countries: from 2004: Poland, Baltic countries from 2007: Romania, Bulgaria Fallout of various wars in which UK was involved: Kosovo, Iraq and other wars (Somalia, Sudanese, Kurds)  asylum seekers attracted by the UK; most vulnerable immigrants of all (unemployment, lowest paid jobs)

13. 3. Multiculturalism: what is it? “different cultural communities live together and attempt to build a common life while retaining something of their ‘original’ identity” Stuart Hall, 2000 a Rubik’s cube model?  communities don’t mix (segregation), live next to each other but turn their backs on each other  example: London map of spoken languages (apart from English)

14. London Language Map: Segregated neighbourhood?

15. ‘Banglatown’, in London East End

16. A decrease in segregation between 2001 and 2011 neighbourhoods are less and less segregated minority ethnic communities tend to mix more and more: moving to suburban areas and smaller towns only white British continue to live in a segregated way

17. 3. Multiculturalism: what is it? State Multiculturalism: how do govern a multicultural country?  The state chooses to support and fund minority groups to help them preserve their culture, to keep the peace between the different ethnic and religious communities  Minority communities are allowed to keep and promote their differences, if in exchange they accept to abide by the main British values: freedom of speech, gender equality, rule of law, parliamentary soveignty

18. 3. Multiculturalism: what is it? British state finances faith schools for all religions Religious signs can be worn at work, even if you’re a public servant exceptional laws for some minorities: Sikh allowed to ride motorcycles without a helmet

19. 3. Multiculturalism: what is it? since 1991 census (= recencement): people can now tick a box related to their ethnicity: White British, White non-British, Black Caribbean, Black African, South Asian, Asian, etc. latest census: 2011 (every 10 years) results?

20. 2011 Census results: Ethnicity Comparison with 2001: White: 92.1% Mixed: 1.2% Asian: 4.4% Black: 2% Other ethnic group: 0.4%

21. 2011 Census Results: Immigrants Interpretation of the charts: Population born outside the UK has increased to represent around 14% of the British population All ethnic minorities are on the rise, especially Asian minority

22. 2011 Census Results: Immigrants Most frequent country of birth for foreigners:  India (traditional immigration)  Poland (enormous increase between 2001 and 2011)  Only decrease is Irish immigration

23. Where do immigrants settle in the UK? anamorphic map  South-East, especially in the London area  West Midlands

24. Percentage of foreign-born residents anamorphosis maps  London area (London suburban area)  Midlands (Birmingham, Leicester)  Northern England (Bradford)

25. 4. Questioning Multiculturalism Has multiculturalism failed?  ethnic minorities more likely to be unemployed 2004 unemployment rates for men: White British: 4.6 % Bangladeshis: 12.7 % Black Caribbeans: 14.8 % Black Africans: 13.2 % 2004 unemployment rates for women: White British: 3.9% Pakistanis: 19.9% Black Africans: 12.6%

26. 4. Questioning Multiculturalism Has multiculturalism failed?  7/7/2005 trauma: terrorist attacks in London by British-born men  anti-Muslim feeling rampant  rise of extremist parties: British National Party, Ukip (against Europe, especially because of immigration laws)  gender inequality and women’s rights not respected in some communities (excision, forced marriage, rape and child molesting)

27. 4. Questioning Multiculturalism David Cameron, 2011: ‘state multiculturalism has failed’  setting up a new model to integrate foreign-born and minority British more  This model is closer to the French model of integration 2005: Citizenship Test 2005: Language Proficiency Test  compulsory to get entry on UK territory

28. Conclusion ‘there ain’t no black in the Union Jack’, Paul Gilroy rampant racism racial inequalities BUT, AT THE SAME TIME: British minorities are the keenest people to embrace ‘Britishness’: definition of themselves as Black British, British Asians, Indian British, British Muslims…  a dual identity