1. Tissues Chapter 2

2. What Are Tissues? Groups of cells with the same structure and general function. All are surrounded by non-living, extracellular material: MATRIX Matrix composition can change based on the tissue type!

3. Tissue Types Epithelial: covers body surfaces and line cavities Connective: supports and binds body parts Muscular: movement of body parts Nervous: receives stimuli, process info and conducts an impulse

4. Epithelial Tissue Functions: Covers and protects body surfaces internal and external; secretion, absorption, and excretion. Physical Characteristics: - tightly packed, readily divide - anchored by a non-living Basement Membrane (This is the matrix!) Lacks blood vessels so nutrients must diffuse from adjacent tissues

5. Classification of Epithelial Tissues Number of cell layers: 1. simple means a single layer of cells. 2. stratified means several cell layers.

6. Classification of Epithelial Tissues Cell Shape: 1. squamous – flat, tile- like 2. cuboidal – cube shape 3. columnar – tall and cylindrical

7. Filtration, osmosis, diffusion Lung alveoli, capillary walls, lines body cavities Nuclei are central and round Secretion and absorption Kidney tubules, thyroid, and smaller exocrine glands

8. Absorption, secretion, protection, Lines digestive tract and uterus Protection, secretion, mucus movement, Lines respiratory passages Can be ciliated or have microvilli! Ciliated!

9. Protection, secretion, excretion Skin, oral cavity, throat, anal canal, and vagina. Lines larger exocrine glands: mammary, sweat, salivary Protection, secretion, excretion

10. Distensibility, protection, lines bladder and urethra Urethra, vas deferens, pharynx Protection and secretion

11. Tips of spotting Epithelial: 1. Find the free surface or open space (lumen) 2. Look for a pattern of cells lined up together. 3. Find the basement membrane 4. Look at a lot of pictures/slides to get practice! “Apical region”

13. Glandular Epithelium Most type of glands are exocrine Exocrine have ducts and secrete into/onto internal or external surface Endocrine are ductless and they secrete directly into lymph fluid or bloodstream.

14. Comparing Endocrine and Exocrine

15. Type of Exocrine Glands

16. Connective Tissues Section 5.3

17. General Characteristics Most abundant tissue in body Rich blood supply (except for cartilage) Nerve supply (except for cartilage) Never exposed to the environment! 2 Basic Components: 1. Specialized cells 2. Matrix (intercellular material) a. Ground substance (liquid to solid) b. Fibers

18. General Functions 1.Support and protection 2.Binds tissues/organ 3.Transport of materials 4.Store energy 5.Insulation 6.Defense 7.Damage repair

19. Specialized Cells Fibroblasts – most common, secrete fibers and G.S. into matrix. Fiber types: 1. Collagenous (parallel bundles, strength) 2. Elastic (elastin, stretchy, branching) 3. Reticular (thin, branching, Basement Mem.) Macrophages – wandering monocytes, phagocytes Plasma cells – produces antibodies, B-lymphocytes Adipocytes – cells that store triglycerides (fat molecules) Mast cells – large, release Heparin and Histamine substances. Melanocytes – production of melanin pigment

20. Group #1: Connective Tissue Proper

21. Areolar (Loose) Locations: multiple locations including under epithelial tissue of skin, mesentaries Functions: provides nutrients and support to other tissue types; immune functions; protection Key Features: loose, scattered fiber appearance, multiple fiber and cell types

22. Adipose Locations: subcutaneous region, bone marrow, around viscera and joints, behind eyeball in socket Functions: lipid storage; thermoregulation; protection (padding) Key Features: cells with nuclei "pushed to the side"; minimal matrix; white and brown types

23. Dense or Collagenous Locations: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, sclera (white of eye) Function: strong support Key Features: matrix is shiny and white, one fiber type in parallel arrangement; thin fibroblasts; minimal ground substance

24. Dense (Irregular) Locations: dermis of skin; periosteum, fascia, pericardium, perichondrium and organ capsules. Function: strong support, resists pulling from all directions Key Features: thick bundles of fibers with no pattern, minimal ground substance

25. Group #2: Specialized Connective Tissues

26. Cartilage – Chondrocytes; collagenous fibers, lacunae, and avascular Types: 1. Hyaline – fine fibers, most common 2. Elastic – thicker with most flexiblity 3. Fibrocartilage – thick collagen fibers Bone – osteocytes; mineral deposits and collagen fibers Blood – plasma (clear matrix) with formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

27. Hyaline Cartilage Locations: fetal skeleton; covering of bones at joints; ends of ribs, nose, tracheal rings, part of larynx Function: flexible support, smooth movements at joints Key Features: bluish/white, glassy appearance; chondrocytes in lacunae

28. Elastic Cartilage Locations: outer ear; epiglottis; eustachian tube, part of larynx Function: flexible support, strength, maintains shape Key Features: single chondrocytes in lacunae; random elastic fibers look hairy

29. Fibrocartilage Locations: intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, meniscus Function: very firm support, shock absorption Key Features: collagen fiber bundles, small chondrocytes, no perichondrium

30. Bone Locations: all bones, spongy and compact Function: support, blood cell production, energy storage, protection, levers for muscles Key Features: rings of bone (Osteons), solid G.S. with minerals, collagen for flexibility

31. Blood Locations: within blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), bone marrow, and heart chambers Functions: transportation of O 2 and CO 2, immunity, clotting Key Features: liquid G.S., RBC’s with doughnut appearance, WBC’s have nuclei, platelets tiny fragments