2. Sometimes I refer to them as basic tissue types Epithelium Connective Muscular Nervous

3.  Lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body.  Functions: ◦ Protection ◦ Absorption ◦ Filtration ◦ Secretion

4.  Fits closely together to form continuous sheets.  Membranes always have one free, unattached surface. ◦ Apical surface  Lower surface of the epithelium rests on the basement membrane.  No blood supply of their own. (depend on diffusion)  Can regenerate easily if well nourished.

5.  Simple- one layer of cells  Stratified- more than one layer of cells.  Pseudostratified- single layer, but appears stratified because some cells are shorter than others.

7.  Single layer of thin squamous cells  On a basement membrane  Fit closely together  Usually found where filtration or exchange of substances occurs.

9.  Most common stratified epithelium in the body  Several layers of squamous cells  Cells closest to free edge are squamous shaped, but those closest to the basement membrane appear cuboidal.  Found in cites that receive a lot of abuse or friction ◦ Esophagus, mouth, outer portion of the skin

11.  One layer of cuboidal cells  On a basement membrane  Common in glands and ducts  Walls of kidneys, surface of ovaries

13.  At least two layers of cuboidal cells  Rare in the body  Found mainly in the ducts of large glands

15.  Single layer of tall cells that fit closely together.  Lines entire length of digestive tract  Goblet cells-produce lubricating mucus are often seen here.  Mucosae (mucous membranes)- epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior

17.  Surface cells are columnar  Basal cells vary in size and shape.  Fairly rare in the body  Found mainly in the ducts of large glands.

19.  Single layer of cells  Some cells are shorter than others, making nuclei appear at different heights.  Functions in absorption and secretion.  Ciliated pseudostratified are found in the respiratory tract. ◦ Cilia propel mucus upward and away from the lungs

21.  Highly modified  Stratified squamous epithelium  Basal layer cells are cuboidal or columnar  In urinary system

23.  Connects body parts  Found everywhere in the body  Most abundant and widely spread tissue type  Well vascularized, has its own blood supply.  Extracellular matrix- nonliving substance found outside the cells.

24. All composed of cells surrounded by a matrix. The major difference reflect the number and types of fibers in the matrix. Bone Cartilage (hyaline & elastic) Adipose Loose Areolar Connective Blood

25.  Matrix is what makes connective tissues different from other tissues.  Produced by connective tissue cells and secreted outside of the cell.  Composed of water and proteins  Because of its matrix, connective tissue is able to form soft packing tissue around other organs to bear weight and withstand abuse.

26.  Osseous tissue  Composed of bone cells (osteocytes) sitting in cavities called lacunae  Surrounded by layers of a hard matrix  Protect and support other body organs

28.  Most widespread cartilage  Less hard and more flexible than bone.  Has abundant collagen fibers  Glassy matrix  Found in larynx, attaches ribs to breastbone, covers the end of bones where joints form.

30.  Less hard and more flexible than bone.  Found where elasticity is desired.  Supports external ear

32.  Forms the cushion-like disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column

33.  Most widely distributed connective tissue in the body.  Soft, pliable, cobwebby tissue  Cushions and protects body organs  Helps hold internal organs together

35.  Fat tissue  Oil occupies most of a fat cell’s volume and pushes the nucleus to the side  Forms subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin.  Insulates the body and protects it from heat and cold.

37.  Vascular tissue  Consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving matrix called plasma  Transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system.

39.  White Blood Cells (WBCs)  Granulocytes – granules in their cytoplasm  Agranulocutes- no granules in their cytoplasm  Leucocytes ◦ Neutrophils ◦ Eosinophils ◦ Basophils ◦ Lymphocytes ◦ Monocytes

40. Neutrophils- Granulocytes  Neutrophils – most numerous WBC ◦ Phagocytize and destroy bacteria ◦ Nucleus – has two to six lobes ◦ Granules pick up acidic and basic stains Figure 17.4a

41.  Eosinophils – compose 1 – 4% of all WBCs ◦ Play roles in ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections Figure 17.4b Eosinophils- Granulocytes

42. Basophils- Granulocytes  Basophils – about 0.5% of all leukocytes ◦ Nucleus – usually two lobes ◦ Granules secrete histamines ◦ Function in inflammation mediation, similar in function to mast cells

43. Lymphocytes- Agranulocytes  Lymphocytes – compose 20 – 45% of WBCs ◦ The most important cells of the immune system ◦ Nucleus – stains dark purple ◦ Effective in fighting infectious organisms ◦ Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)  Two main classes of lymphocyte ◦ T cells – attack foreign cells directly ◦ B cells – multiply to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies Figure 17.4d

44. Monocytes- Agranulocytes  Monocytes – compose 4–8% of WBCs ◦ The largest leukocytes ◦ Nucleus – kidney shaped ◦ Transform into macrophages  Phagocytic cells Figure 17.4e

45.  Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement  Muscle cells are elongated and therefore called fibers

46.  Packaged by connective tissue sheets attached to the skeleton.  Can be controlled- voluntary  Form the flesh of the body  The result of their action is gross body movements or changes in facial expressions.  Cells are long, cylindrical, multinucleate, and have striations (stripes)

48.  Visceral muscle  No striations are visible  Single nucleus and are spindle shaped (pointed at each end)  Found in the walls of hallow organs  When smooth muscle contracts the cavity of the organ becomes smaller(constricts) or enlarges(dilates)  Peristalsis- food moving through the small intestine – muscle contracting in a wavelike motion

50.  Found only in the heart  Has striations  Uninucleate  Branching  Fit tightly together at gap junctions called intercalated disks.  Involuntary

52.  All neurons receive and transmit electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another.