1. Chapter 3 The British Educational System

2. School Today  Pre-primary Schools  Primary Schools  Secondary Schools  University / College

3. Pre-Primary Schools PPre-school education is available (often on a fee-paying basis) for children aged 2 to 4/5 through playgroups and nursery schools (many are private). TThe emphasis is on group work, creative activity and guided play.

4. 1.State Schools ( 公立学校 ): 11-year Compulsory Education (5-16) State Primary School → Comprehensive School (84%), Grammar School (3%) or Secondary Modern School (7%) 2.Public Schools/ Independent Schools ( 独立学 校 ): Prep School → Public (Independent) School (7%) Two Systems of primary and secondary education in Britain:

7. Question: What are the main differences between the two? State schoolsPublic schools School FundingState funding from central government; Supplemented by local finance Tuition fees; Endowments ( 捐 赠 ) or donations from society (esp. alumni to their alma maters) Attendance93%7% Teaching Staff and Facilities Public schools have better teaching staff & facilities. GraduatesStudents from the public schools are more promising, e.g. Eton College has educated 20 Prime Ministers, 6 Chancellors of Exchequers, etc.

8. Primary Phase  Compulsory education begins at 5 in England, Wales and Scotland and 4 in Northern Ireland.  Pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools (co-educational or mixed schools). Infants Schools = First Schools (for 2 years from 5) Junior Schools (for 4 years to 11)  There’s little or no specialist subject teaching and great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years.  Prep Schools ( 预备学校 ) (from 7/8 to 13) (separate; fees; entrance exam )

9. Secondary Schools  State Schools (93%) 1. Comprehensive Schools ( 综合中学 ) (84%) (No entrance exam, general education) 2. Grammar Schools ( 文法中学 ) (“the 11 plus” examination 选拔优秀小学生毕业考 试, preparing students for higher education)(3%) 3. Secondary Modern Schools ( 现代中学 ) (7%)  Public Schools = Independent Schools (7%)

10. The National Curriculum  English  Design & Technology  Geography  Mathematics  Information Technology  Music  Science  Art  Physical Education  History  Modern Foreign Language

11. Exams CCompulsory education ends at age 16. AAt 16, students in England and Wales take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education 中学毕业证书 ) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things. Then they can leave school and find a job. OOther pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification 国家专业资格证书, 5 levels).

12. Tertiary education  延续教育 (Further Education) 是继小学 (Primary) 中学 (Secondary) 教育之后的 “ 第三级教育 ”(Tertiary) 。为进入高等 教育或者就业打下基础。也是中国的高中学生留学英的关键 阶段。一般来说接受延续教育的学生介于 16 和 18 岁之间。  它分为两种体系：学业路线（ Academic Route ）和职业路 线（ Vocational Route ）。学业路线着重于培养学术研究方 面的人才，职业路线则结合社会各层面的职业需要，培养在 各种行业中具有专门技能和知识的人才。

13.  Some more ambitious and hardworking students will take GCE O-level ( 一般水平普通 教育证书 ) exams. If they pass, they may transfer to a Sixth Form school ( 六年级学校 ) or tertiary college ( 三级学校 ) to learn A-level classes for 2 years.tertiary college  At 18, they take GCE A-level examinations (Advanced General Certificate of Education 高级水 平普通教育证书＝大学入学考试 ), usually in not more than 3 subjects. It’s necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or other institutions of higher education.

14. Case Study  Compared with that in Chinese counterparts （相似 的人或物）, the curriculum in the UK primary or secondary schools is much simpler. (esp. mathematics & reading) WHY? Is their Intelligence Quotient （智商） low?  According to a schoolmaster in Bristol: 1. The compulsory education aims to cultivate （培养） eligible ( 合格的 ) citizens rather than elites （精英） ; 2. Curiosity and self-confidence matter a lot more than the knowledge itself. 3. Shaping characters and individuality is emphasized. Team spirit and leadership can be developed through games.

15. Public Schools  In the UK private schools are confusingly called public schools!  Only enroll （招收） pupils from prep schools.  High tuition fees + large quantity of social endowments （捐赠） = affording smaller classes + better faculty （全体教职员） (with nice salaries)  Mainly single-sex rather than co-ed schools.  Boarding schools.  Question: Who are attending such schools?

16.  The students are largely from aristocratic ( 贵 族 ) and upper class families.  Despite the high fees they account for （占） around 7% of the total school population.  BUT opponents （反对者） voice doubts: It’s socially divisive and breeds （导致） elitism （精英主义） ; they are offering more promising opportunities to 7% of British children, but it’s unfair for the remaining 93%!

17. The Most Well-known Public Schools:  Eton College ( 伊顿公学 ) (1440 by King Henry VI)  Harrow School ( 哈罗公学 ) (1571) (Byron, Churchill) (for Boys only)  Winchester College ( 温切斯特公学 ) (1394)  Rugby School ( 拉格贝公学 ) (1567) (Rugby was first played here.) To send a boy to a leading public school costs ￡ 1200 to ￡ 2000, even ￡ 3500 a term.

18. Eton College  For boys ONLY!  Its students are from noble and upper class families. (Prince Charles, William & Harry)  So far, about 20 PMs were educated at Eton.  The school fee includes tuition, board & lodging （膳宿）, laundry, personal accident insurance, and the cost of most activities.  How much is the tuition at Eton? An annual fee of about ￡ 16,000.

19. Eton College Eton Pupils with the tutor

20. Higher Education  All British universities are self-governing and fee-charging. They receive financial aid through the University Grants Committee ( 高 校基金委员会 ) from the government.  Over 42% of pupils become university students on leaving school at 18.  110 universities in UK (93 in England, 13 in Scotland, 2 in Wales and 2 in N. Ireland)  3 categories: old universities, redbrick universities (1850-1930), new universities (WWII- present).

21. .  ADJ （英国大学）红砖的，建于 19 世纪末 20 世纪初 的（与牛津、剑桥等更为古老的大学形成对照）  In Britain, a redbrick university is one of the universities that were established in large cities outside London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as opposed to （相对于） much older universities such as Oxford and Cambridge.

22. Entrance Procedures  In September every year, students prepare their applications to university.  Applications are then made in March every year through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service 大学院校入学委员会 ).  Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions.  Admission – selection on basis of A level results & an interview.

23.  Fee-charging (on the average: ￡ 1200-3000)  Degrees  BA / BSc 3 years full-time  MA / MSc 1 year full-time / 2 years part-time  PhD at least 3 years original research  BA: Bachelor of Arts ( 文学学士 ) BSc: Bachelor of Science ( 理学学士 ) BS: 同上

24. Teaching Methods  The UK educational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may have time-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount of time depending on the course.  Most of the courses would include the following teaching methods:

25. A. Lectures 讲座  The professors dominate the lectures which serve to guide the students.  The size of the class is generally large, often up to 100 students.  NO prescribed textbooks but reading lists and handouts ( 讲稿 )!

26. B. Seminars 讨论会  The seminars provide the students with a platform for sharing their views on a given topic.  The students are told in advance about a topic & are required to prepare a presentation on it.  What is the point of attending seminars? The discussions that take place in seminars often help students understand a topic better in different perspectives and help students develop their communication skills.

27. C. Tutorials 导师辅导课  Tutorials give you focused guidance( 集中 指导） on a particular topic once a week.  The size of tutorials is quite small. (15-20) Every student has to speak in class.  The students meet with the professors individually to discuss their concerns about the topic that they have undertaken （承担） and thus seek individual guidance.

28. D. Independent work  Students are supposed to investigate a topic in detail and develop their own views about it. (off-campus research)  This usually involves working individually or in a small group with other students to research a topic.  Produce written work or make presentation for a seminar.

29. E. Coursework 课程论文／学年作业  This may include essays, reports, projects, presentations or reflections.  Coursework is assessed and given grades.  Assessment: a combination of methods  Question: Is the written exam a must for course assessment? NOT necessarily! Take Marketing Management for example, coursework 65% (group presentation 20% + individual reflection 20% + business plan 25%) + written exam 35%

30. Cambridge Cambridge University was founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford.

34. Vice-Chancellor – ( 校长） Professor Alison Richard  Cambridge is one of the world’s great universities, and has the ability to transform lives. If you study here, you will experience that quality at first hand. Day to day, you will work with academic staff who are leaders in their fields, and who are also committed to see you succeed, and to help you develop your ideas, knowledge and understanding.

35. Oxford University

38. Oxford  Legend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872 to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. Like a grammar school, it was just a place for teaching Latin grammar at that time. The University actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded;

39. Chancellor of Oxford  Oxford is one of the greatest universities in the world. It has played a distinguished part in the history of our country and our continent, and has much to contribute to our success and our well- being as a civilized community in the future.  Chris Patten

40. Oxbridge Boat Race  The Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829.  The event is now a British national institution （制度，习俗）, and is televised live each year. The race has been won by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far.  The race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard (6.8 km) stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.  Oxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue.

41.  The Dark Blue Crew

42.  The Light Blues & Dark Blues

43.  Glasgow University Nottingham University

44. Buckingham Uni.  Verney Park Campus  Chandos Road Campus

45. Students’ Activities Outing

46.  Pubbing

47. Sports Rugby Football

48. Choir （ 合唱团 ）

49. Chinese Higher Education enrollment expansion Resources are straining. Education quality is suffering. Intense competition in the job market. elite edu. vs. mass edu. dilemma

50. Have a discussion on the defects of Chinese higher education  Defect 1: Blind Enrollment Expansion  Defect 2: Awkward Teaching Method  Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated Textbooks  Defect 4: Unreasonable Curriculum  Defect 5: Unfair Assessment System

51. How to improve it?  It’s a time-consuming & systematic project.  Never wait for the improvement! Get a move now!  You and me are part of Chinese higher education!  Try to make the best and most of the current situation!  Stop complaining and try to make a difference from now on.

52. Homework for Next Week  Collect the information about the British broadcasting, newspapers and magazines to be prepared for Chapter 6 British Mass Media and chapter 7 Britain and the World.