1. AS Literature Dr. Parker

2. I hate Shakespeare!!! Why study Shakespeare? What did Shakespeare do? What types of plays did he write? When did he live? Who were his audiences? Where did he live? What is the point? Where were his plays set? Why did he write? Why do we still study him? How many words did he invent for the English language?

3. Love Murder Betrayal In sequential order:

4. Words Shakespeare Invented On-line www.shakespeare- KIMBERLY JOKI · Language Writing Grammar Spelling Reading Shakespeare’s writing was profound in the development of the English language. Before Shakespeare’s time, English language was not standardized. His works contributed significantly to the standardization of grammar, spelling, and vocabulary. 1,700 original words were incorporated into the language, These include: “lonely,” “frugal,” “dwindle,” and many more. In addition to all the words, many phrases that we use daily originated in Shakespeare’s work. When someone talks about “breaking the ice” or having a “heart of gold” and many more. Finally, Shakespeare had an important impact on poetry and literature that has lasted centuries. He perfected blank verse and became a standard in poetry. Herman Melville, William Faulkner, Lord Alfred Tennyson and Charles Dickens have all been heavily influenced his genres. The impact lead George Steiner to conclude that romantic English poets were “feeble variations on Shakespearean themes.” Shakespeare’s prolific impact on English language and culture, purports the study of his works and is an indispensable part of cultural education. Exploring the thousands of ways we still use Shakespeare’s language and themes today is worthwhile and fascinating.

5. Words Shakespeare Invented On- line www.shakespeare- online.com/biography/wordsinvented.htmlwww.shakespeare- online.com/biography/wordsinvented.html http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/word- lists/list-of-words-and-phrases-shakespeare- invented.htmlhttp://grammar.yourdictionary.com/word- lists/list-of-words-and-phrases-shakespeare- invented.html

6. Shakespeare & English Language The English language owes a great debt to Shakespeare. He invented over 1700 of our common words by changing nouns into verbs, changing verbs into adjectives, connecting words never before used together, adding prefixes and suffixes, and creating words wholly original. On the next slide is a list of a few of the words Shakespeare coined.

7. Aside—lines whispered to the audience or to another character on stage (not meant to be heard by all the characters on stage) Comic relief—a bit of humor injected into a serious play to relieve the heavy tension of tragic events Dramatic Irony—occurs when the audience knows something that the character on stage is not aware Foreshadow—lines that give a hint or clue to future events (It doesn’t tell the future, but hints at it).

8. Blank verse--Poetry that is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Blank verse is often unobtrusive and the iambic pentameter form often resembles the rhythms of ordinary speech. William Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in blank verse. Rhymed Couplet—end rhyme is actually 2 lines rhyming to indicate the end of a scene to an audience in a theater without curtains Diction—word choice

9. Shakespeare’s words accused addiction advertising amazement arouse assassination backing bandit bedroom beached besmirch birthplace blanket bloodstained barefaced blushing bet bump buzzer caked cater champion circumstantial cold-blooded

10. Shakespeare’s words compromise courtship countless critic dauntless dawn deafening discontent dishearten drugged dwindle epileptic equivocal elbow excitement exposure eyeball fashionable fixture flawed frugal generous gloomy gossip green-eyed gust

11. Shakespeare’s words hint hobnob hurried impede impartial invulnerable jaded label lackluster laughable lonely lower luggage lustrous madcap majestic Marketable mimic monumental moonbeam mountaineer negotiate noiseless obscene obsequiously ode Olympian outbreak

12. Shakespeare’s words panders pedant premeditated puking radiance rant remorseless savagery scuffle secure skim milk submerge summit swagger torture tranquil undress unreal varied vaulting worthless zany

14. William Who? While there are many important works during this period of time, written by many influential writers we will focus on the works of William Shakespeare. –Voted Newsweek magazine’s “Dead White Guy of the Year” in 1996.

15. William Shakespeare ( 1564 – 1616) Born in Stratford Upon Avon to fairly well off parents, Shakespeare’s youth was largely spent in school. –With a father who was a wealthy merchant, his parents could afford to educate him, which is where he is exposed to the Greek and Roman works which inspired most of his works. He ended his schooling at fourteen years old and at age eighteen married Anne Hathaway, the twenty-six year old daughter of a local farmer. –Six months after their marriage, Hathaway gave birth to their first child, a mathematical fact that most people were willing to overlook. –Altogether, the couple had three children, two daughters and one male heir. The oldest daughter was Susanna and he had twins, a boy & a girl, named Hamnet and Judith. Hamnet died at age 11 of the plague. How Shakespeare supported his young family is unknown, nor is his first exposure to theater known, but for whatever reason, around his mid-twenties, Shakespeare packed up and moved to London to write.

16. Shakespeare in London Although he received commercial success fairly early in his career, Shakespeare did take a lot of heat from critics for a number of his early plays. Not only did Shakespeare write, and direct, he also acted in minor parts of most of his plays. However, in order to maintain his success, he had to be on-call at all times during the play season, so for the most part he was unable to return to Stratford Upon Avon, and his family. –Many people have supposed that Shakespeare and his wife were not still in love, and his refusal to return to his family was a mutual decision. When the courts of London closed the playhouses, seeing them as beds of sin and depravity, Shakespeare and his company moved their theater, board by board across the river to the red-light district of London. This new theater, called the Globe Theater, was the key to Shakespeare’s financial success. –As a part owner, he was finally receiving a portion of the ticket sales, instead of just receiving a commission for writing plays that other people produced.

17. Globe Theatre

18. Shakespeare’s Dark Side With the construction of the Globe, Shakespeare’s career really took off. He was granted a coat of arms and made a gentleman. –He renamed his theater troupe “the King’s Men” and soon became the most financially successful playwright of the time. Yet, given his success, his plays started taking a more and more tragic and sad tone. –Some people point to the death of his only son in the plague as the reason his plays became so dark. While his tone went through a dramatic swing, his works were as popular as ever.

19. Coat of Arms and Courtly Gentleman

20. Shakespeare at the End Many historians and critics have looked at these tragedies as soap boxes for Shakespeare to complain about his own problems. –In Twelfth Night one of the main characters advises another character to never marry an older woman. –In King Lear the title character has a complex and painful relationship with his daughter whom he doesn’t fully understand until it is too late. For whatever reason, in 1610, Shakespeare decided to retire and returns to Stratford Upon Avon to spend time with his family. –In his will he left all his possessions to his oldest daughter, leaving his wife nothing but the “second nicest bed” in his home. He died on his birthday in 1616 and was buried in the Stratford Upon Avon church, where he still rests today.

21. Stuff You Need to Know… The reason Shakespeare is so wordy is because in his day, sets, special effects, costumes and props were so expensive, that it was more affordable to have characters set the mood and scene by mentioning where they were and what time of day it was. Shakespeare’s works are usually broken into four categories: –Histories, Tragedies, Comedies, Sonnets Each play is five acts long and follows (roughly) the following format: I II III IV V Act 1 : Exposition Act 2 – 4: Building Actions Act 5: Climax & Falling Action

22. Midsummer Night’s Dream full text w/line #’s http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/

23. .......In keeping with the ancient Mediterranean setting, the characters allude often to gods and other personages in Greek and Roman myth and legend. Among those alluded to are the following: Diana (1. 1. 94): Roman name of Artemis, goddess of the moon and the hunt. Cupid (1. 1. 175): Roman name for the Greek god of love, Eros, who shot arrows at humans to wound them with love. Venus (1. 1. 177): Roman name for the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite. She was the mother of Cupid. Dido (1. 1. 179): Dido is not referred to by name but by the designation Carthage queen, meaning she was the queen of the North African country of Carthage. She appears in Virgil’s great epic poem, The Aeneid. Dido falls desperately in love with The Aeneid’s main character, Aeneas, after he stops in Carthage on his way from Troy to Italy. But after he abandons her, she kills herself by falling on a sword. At sea on his ship, Aeneas can see Carthage glowing with the flames of Dido’s funeral pyre.

24. Allusions con’t Aeneas (1. 1. 180): See Dido, above. Ariadne (2. 1. 84): Daughter of King Minos of Crete. She gave Theseus a thread that enabled him to find his way out of the labyrinth, a maze constructed to house the Minotaur, a creature with the head of a bull and the body of a man. Neptune (2. 1. 131): Roman name of Poseidon, god of the sea. Apollo and Daphne (2. 1. 239): Apollo-- god of poetry, music, medicine, and the sun--pursued the nymph Daphne, daughter of a river god. After she prayed for a way to escape Apollo, her father changed her into a laurel tree. Apollo later used the leaves of the laurel in wreaths with which victors of various contests were crowned. Hercules (4. 1.98): Greek demigod known for his feats of strength. Cadmus (4. 1.98): Son of the king of Phoenicia and founder of the Greek city of Thebes. Jove (5. 1. 181): One of two Roman names for Zeus, the king of the Olympian gods. The other Roman name is Jupiter

25. POETRY IN PLAY Poetry in Play Couplets-2 successive lines with end rhyme Captain of our fairy band, Helena is here at hand; And the youth, mistook by me, Pleading for a lover's fee. Shall we their fond pageant see? Lord, what fools these mortals be! (Puck: 3. 2. 116-121) Now, until the break of day, Through this house each fairy stray. To the best bride-bed will we, Which by us shall blessed be; And the issue there create Ever shall be fortunate. (Oberon: 5. 2. 33-38)

26. The lovers sometime speak in couplets, but their imagery is frequently overwrought as Shakespeare mocks their quixotic wooing. intentionally sugared rhymes is the following passage spoken by Demetrius upon awakening: O Helena, goddess, nymph, perfect, divine! To what, my love, shall I compare thine eyne? Crystal is muddy. O, how ripe in show Thy lips, those kissing cherries, tempting grow ! That pure congealed white, high Taurus snow, Fann'd with the eastern wind, turns to a crow When thou hold'st up thy hand: O, let me kiss This princess of pure white, this seal of bliss! (3. 2. 144- 151)

27. QUOTATIONS http://www.literary- quotations.com/m/midsummer_nights_dream.h tml

28. https://encrypted- tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSLRHKI5Pkg0TI4YM2 Cm_pYwbVsg-S-zwpQQ7AHxQiy1mN_yqzJ

29. Are there distinctions here between white and black magic, and magic for fun or for harm? Is magic amoral? (Think of Oberon's usage of magic to steal the orphan Titania swore to protect.) Are there any indicators that magic has some sinister undertones? Is it unnatural? Do the magical characters of the play care at all about the effect their actions have on others? Do the magical characters even see others outside of the supernatural realm as sympathetic creatures, or are the humans just there to manipulate and mock? At the end of the play, Lysander returns to loving Hermia because he's gotten the remedy for the love juice, but Demetrius loves Helena because he remains enchanted. Can magic be the basis for true love? Is this another example of man being manipulated by magic, or is this magic helping the natural and right course of things? Is Shakespeare suggesting that magic actually exists in real life? Why might he have Puck, a magical creature, close the play with a suggestion that we can dismiss all this magic as if it were a dream?

31. Conflict –Pay attention to pairs of lovers –Who magically becomes in love? – Look particularly the layers of love and their presentation. Order & Disorder -Look at the balance between the rational and irrational. -Look particularly at the difference in heirarchies and strict legal systems. -The mortal vs immortal world. Shakespeare explores a great number of dichotomies—paired opposites— such as good/evil, order/disorder, reason/emotion, reality/illusion. Using these dichotomies, he investigates themes related to human nature, ambition, gender, and the family and many more.

32. Love & Marriage –What are the problems the characters face? –Who is happy/not happy? –Which characters try to impede love? –How is each love gained by each pair? –Look at situational irony –Conflicting dichotomies Appearance vs Reality –What people are not as they seem? –What events are not as they seem? –Look at the internal conflict in characters –Their temptations?

33. Gender Tensions –What women defy men? –Are all accepting their positions at the conclusion? –Look at the mythological allusions –Patriarchal society Setting Forest vs Court Sleep vs Dreams Reality vs Role- playing Comparison to Queen Elizabeth I court---