1. Fuctions –Transportation From lungs to cells (O2) From cells to lungs (CO2) Characteristics –Viscous –pH of 7.35 to 7.45 = Alkaline –0.9% NaCl

2. 55% Plasma 92% H20 and 8% solutes like gases, proteins, and electrolytes 45% Formed Elements Erythrocytes: Red blood cells Leukocytes: White blood cells Granular Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranular Lymphocytes Monocytes Thrombocytes: Platelets

5. No nucleus, organelles, or mitochondria Formed by the process of erythropoiesis 4.8-5.4 million/cubic mm of human blood On average, erythrocytes live about 120 days Contain hemoglobin, which is a red pigment that carries O2 to cells. Hemoglobin consists of four proteins called globin and four non-protein pigments called heme. In the center of this structure is iron, which increases the cell’s affinity for O2 After 120 days, Hemoglobin is recycled Globin is broken down into amino acids Heme is split into iron and biliverdin The iron is stored in the liver until needed Biliverdin is converted into bilirubin (yellow) which is excreted by the liver. As it passes in the intestine, it is converted into urobilinogen which in turn changes into stercobilin which gives poop its brown color.

6. White blood cells, created by process of leukopoiesis in red bone marrow. Contain nucleus but no hemoglobin Increased number- Leukocytosis- Bacterial infection Decreased number- Leukopenia- Viral infection Life span of only a few days Granular Eosinophils: release enzymes such as histaminase that combat the effects of inflammation in allergic reactions. Help fight parasitic infections. 2-4% WBC count. Stained red. Basophils: Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin during allergic reactions and inflammation. Once they leave capillaries, they are known as mast cells. Least common WBC at.5% WBC count. Bilobed nucleus. Stain deep blue. Neutrophils: Phagocytic cells that come first in response to bacterial or viral infection. Most common WBC- 65-70% WBC count. Stain light blue. Bi or trilobed nulcleus. Uses lysozyme Agranular Monoctyes: Come to site of bacterial infection a few minutes after neutrophils, but in greater numbers. They clean up after the cellular catastrophe. Largest (size) WBC. 3-8% or WBC count. Called macrophages in tissue. Nucleus is kidney bean shaped. Lymphocytes: Phagocytic. Make up 20-25% WBC count. Sphere nucleus. B Cells- Effective in destroying bacteria T Cells- Attack viruses, fungi, and cancer cells Natural Killer Cells- attack infectious microbes

8. Form from megakaryoblast >> Megakaryocyte No nucleus Life span of five to nine days Produced, like all other blood cells, in the red bone marrow Contain granules for blood clotting Function: Prevent blood loss by initiating a chain of reactions involving plasma proteins that results in clotting (but that’s another slide)

9. The 8% of solutes is mostly proteins Albumins- Synthesized in liver. Help maintain H20 balance and osmotic pressure in cells and tissues. Make up 55% of plasma proteins Globulins- Produced in the lymph tissues. Function in immunity. Constitute 38% of plasma proteins Fibrinogens- Produced in liver. Function in blood clotting. Make up 7% of plasma proteins

10. The surfaces of red blood cells contain proteins called antigens or isoantigens or agglutinogens, and they act like chemical I.D. markers Antibodies or isoantibodies or agglutinins act as chemical security cops and make sure that all red blood cells have the correct antigens. Determining the antigens and antibodies for an individual is a case of multiple allele simple co-dominance. Individuals with A antigens (and B antibodies) are blood type A Those with B antigens (and A antibodies) are blood type B Individuals with both A and B antigens (no antibodies= universal recipient) are type AB Those with no antigens (antibodies for A and B = universal donor) are type O So essentially, you have antibodies for what your blood does not have.

11. In addition to ABO blood typing, there is the Rh grouping Individuals with Rh antigens are Rh+ Those without Rh antigens are Rh- Unlike the ABO system, human plasma does not contain anti-Rh antibodies automatically. It only produces antibodies for Rh once it has been exposed to Rh antigens…which is where some complications may arise. Erythroblastosis Fetalis Mom is Rh – Dad is Rh + During the first pregnancy, the child is Rh+ and some of the baby’s blood mixes with the mother’s blood, and so the mother starts to produce antibodies for Rh antigens. This baby is unharmed. During the second and subsequent pregnancies when the child is also Rh+, mom’s immune system views the fetus as an invader and attacks it with antibodies. Unless proper treatment is taken, the child will most likely NOT make it to term

12. Agglutinate: clumping Red blood cells swell, burst, and release hemoglobin = hemolyis Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding When blood vessels are damaged, three mechanisms apply 1.Vascular Spasm 2.Platelet Plug Formation 3.Blood Coagulation/Clotting Serum: when blood sits out of the body, this is the liquid that sits on top minus insoluble clotting proteins Clot: is the gel that separates from the serum. It consists of a network of fibers Thrombus: clotting of an unbroken blood vessel Hemophilia: Deficiencies of coagulation process. Characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhaging, nosebleeds, and joint pain Plasminogen: inactive plasma enzyme, incorporated into clot. Body converts into plasmin which is active. This dissolved clots.

13. COAGULATION STAGE 1 Formation of prothrombinase STAGE 2 Conversion of prothrombin (a plasma protein formed by liver) into the enzyme thrombin STAGE 3 Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin by thrombin These fibrin threads are what form the clot VASCULAR SPASM The smooth muscle is blood vessel wall contracts, reducing blood loss from minutes to even hours PLATELET PLUG FORMATION When platelets contact damaged vessels, they enlarge, become sticky,a dn adhere to collagen fibers in the wound This produces substances that activate more platelets= positive feedback loop The formed accumulation is now called a platelet plug Plug is reinforced by fibrin fibers