1. Pre-participation Examination (PPE)

2. Pre-participation Exam (PPE) Objective – to ensure the health and safety of a physically active individual Focus – dependent on: –Specific age group –Intended sport/activity

3. Setting Up the PPE Exam format –Primary care physician Advantages: familiarity, relationship, privacy Disadvantages: $$, time commitment of M.D. –Group or station format Advantages: number of professionals involved, less $$, time efficient Disadvantages: organization demands, decreased privacy, follow-up difficulty, communication problems

4. Setting Up the PPE (cont.) Timing of the exam –6 weeks prior – permits time to: Correct minor problems Refer medical problems to a specialist Frequency –Entry level exam followed by a limited annual re-evaluation –Entry level exam at each level of participation

5. Medical History Comprehensive history –General medical –Orthopedic –Supplemental form for females

6. Physical Examination The physical examination is not intended to be all-encompassing … it is intended to focus on body systems of most concern relative to participant’s sport/activity Vital signs –Establish baseline physiologic parameters and vital statistics General medical problems –Past surgery or hospitalizations –Medications (including OTC) –Use of alcohol, tobacco, ergogenic aids

7. Physical Examination (cont.) Cardiovascular exam –Auscultation of heart sounds –Check for cardiac abnormalities –History of loss of consciousness, syncope, dizziness, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, and chest pain during or after examination Pulmonary exam –Auscultate for breath sounds –History of coughing or breathing difficulty –Ear, nose, and mouth may also be checked

8. Physical Examination (cont.) Musculoskeletal exam –History of previous injury, including: Nature of injury When it occurred Who evaluated it Duration of treatment and rehab Use of special protective equipment –Physical exam (refer to Field Strategy 2.3) Neurologic exam –History of past head injury, loss of consciousness, amnesia, or seizures –Exam: pupillary examination and reaction to light, cranial nerve assessment, motor-sensory exam, deep tendon reflex testing

9. Physical Examination (cont.) Eye examination –Visual acuity –Peripheral vision and depth perception –Nystagmus –Pupil size Dental examination –Determine number of teeth and last visit to dentist –Exam: gum condition and presence of cavities, dental appliances

10. Physical Examination (cont.) Gastrointestinal exam –Digestive system, eating habits, and nutrition –History of heartburn, indigestion, diarrhea, or constipation Genitourinary exam –Kidney and genitourinary organs –Females – menstrual history, gynecologic symptoms

11. Physical Examination (cont.) Dermatologic exam –Identify contagious lesions, skin infections –Other lesions (e.g., warts, acne) Exam for heat disorders –Environment related – history of cramping, syncope, exhaustion, or heat stroke –Use of medications Laboratory tests –Not recommended by AAP –Required by some states

12. Physical Fitness Profile Identifies weaknesses that may: –Hinder athletic performance –Predispose the athlete to injury Establishes a baseline of data in the event an injury does occur

13. Body Composition and Anthropometry Body composition –Fat vs. lean tissue –More reliable for determining appropriate weight –Measures: hydrostatic weighting, skinfold measurements –Athletes—12–17% body fat Anthropometry –Determines individuals’ body type

14. Maturation and Growth Growth spurts may play a role in certain injuries Tanner scale — physical maturation measurement

15. Flexibility The total ROM that occurs pain-free in each of the planes of motion Measured with a goniometer, flexometer, or tape measure Hypermobility vs. hypomobility

16. Strength, Power, & Speed Strength –Ability to produce force in one maximal resistance –Measures can involve isometric, isotonic, or isokinetic testing Power –Ability to produce force in a given time –Measures include: throwing a medicine ball, vertical jump and reach, single- or two- legged hop for distance, and stair climbing Speed –Ability to move body mass over time –Can be assessed by timed sprints

17. Agility, Balance, and Reaction Time Agility –Ability to change directions rapidly when moving at a high rate of speed Balance –Body’s coordinated neuromuscular response to maintain a defined position of equilibrium in response to changing visual, tactile, or kinesthetic stimuli Reaction time –Ability to respond to a stimulus

18. Cardiovascular Endurance Ability to sustain submaximal exercise over an extended period

19. Clearance for Participation Physician determines the level of participation 1.Will the condition increase the risk of injury to the athlete or to other participants? 2.Can participation be allowed if medication, rehabilitation, or protective bracing or padding is used? If so, can limited participation be allowed in the interim? 3.If clearance is denied for a particular sport, are there other sports or activities in which the individual can safely participate?

20. Clearance for Participation (cont.) Rehabilitation Act and Americans with Disabilities Act Most physicians base their recommendations on the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine guidelines