1. + INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT CONGRESS CHAPTER 12

2. + Vocabulary Congress Chapter 12 Baker v. Carr - Joint Committee Cloture - Logrolling Congressional oversight- Majority leader Constituent - Pork barrel Earmarks - Reapportionment Filibuster - Regulatory policy Gerrymandering-Standing committees Gridlock-Whips

3. + Congress Viewed as the citizens’ direct link to the branch of government that is responsible for forming public policy. Functions include: representing the interests of constituents, lawmaking through consensus building, oversight of governmental agencies, policy clarification, and ratification of public policies.

4. + Congress Congress has come under public criticism Polls have reflected deep voter concern regarding the issues of congressional gridlock, term limits for representatives and senators, and the influence of lobbyists and PACs on representatives. Many newly elected representatives have committed themselves to reforming congressional structure, procedures, and practices.

5. + Review of Congress according to constitution Basis of constitutional authority is found in Article I A House member must be at least 25 years old, an American citizen for seven years, and an inhabitant of the state the representative represents. Representatives serve two-year terms A senator must be 30 years old, an American citizen for nine years, and a resident of the state the senator represents. Senators serve six-year terms.

6. + Review of Congress according to constitution Common powers delegated to Congress, listed in Article I Section 8 include the power to tax, coin money, declare war, and regulate foreign and interstate commerce. Implied congressional comes from the “necessary and proper” clause, which has been referred to as the elastic clause.

7. + Review of Congress according to constitution House of Representatives has the power to begin all revenue bills, to select president if there is no electoral college majority, and to initiate impeachment proceedings. Senate has the power to approve presidential appointments and treaties and to try impeachment proceedings. Congress may overrule a presidential veto by a two-thirds vote of each house.

8. + Reelection In first ten years of Congress, over 1/3 of the senators resigned before the end of their terms. In the House a large number of representatives served only one or two terms. As political parties developed, congressional reelection rate increased. Influential senators and representatives could use their office as an entrée to the presidency.

9. + Reapportionment Reapportionment Act of 1929 still standing law. Provides for a permanent size of the House and provides for the number of seats, based on the census, of each state. Each seat represents around 650,000 people Left up to each state to determine makeup of each congressional district=charges of political gerrymandering.

10. + Reapportionment Look up and add to notes: - Wesberry v Sanders (1964) - Baker v Carr (1962) In 1995 Court ruled that a district in Georgia, which was apportioned to create representation for African- Americans, was unconstitutional.

11. + Election of Incumbents Once elected a sitting representative has a distinct advantage (unless there is a scandal, 1992 many incumbents decided not to seek reelection or were defeated). Statistics of incumbency are staggering: only 2 members of Congress lost in 1986, only 1 in 1988; on average fewer than 2% are defeated in primaries and less than 7% defeated in general election.

12. + Election of Incumbents Senate reelection rate is slightly lower; House members who represent smaller districts, senators represent the interests of an entire state. Why do incumbents have this advantage? Incumbents are highly visible. Representatives are quick to take credit for obtaining funds through legislation that favors their home districts called earmarks (called pork barrel legislation).

13. + Structure Bicameral (two-house) structure of the Congress made it a necessity to develop an organization that would allow both houses to conduct business and accomplish main function of passing legislation. Each house has presiding officer. Speaker is selected by the majority party.

14. + Structure 1994 mid term elections Republican chose controversial and conservative Newt Gingrich. Earned reputation as most powerful speaker, but power declined in 1996. After loosing seats in 1998 mid term election, Gingrich resigned. Dennis Hastert was elected and became longest serving Speaker until 2006, when Democrats elected first woman speaker, Nancy Pelosi. Now John Boehner

15. + Structure The speaker presides over the House meetings, expected to be impartial (even if member of majority party). Very powerful: recognizes speakers, referring bills to committees, answering procedural questions, declaring the outcome of votes Speaker Names members to all select (special) committees and conference committees.

16. + Structure Speaker usually votes only to break a tie, has power to appoint temporary speakers (pro tempore) to run meetings Third in line after vice president to succeed the president President of the Senate is the vice president of U.S. Only specific power he has is to break ties.

17. + Structure Unlike the House, real power in the Senate lies with the Senate Majority Leader. TN Senator was Senate Majority Leader for 10 years

18. + The Committee System Committee chairs, representatives who chair the standing committees of the House and Senate, wield a lot of power Committee chairs selected as a result of the seniority system. Four types of committees exist in both houses Standing committees deal with proposed bills and are permanent, existing from one Congress to the next.

19. + The Committee System Examples of standing committees are Banking, Foreign Affairs, Energy, Governmental Affairs, and Appropriations Select committees are specially created and conduct special investigations. Ex: Watergate Committee, Whitewater affair Joint committees are made up of both houses for the purpose of coordinating investigations/special studies and to expedite business between both houses.

20. + The Committee System Conference committees resolve legislative differences between the House and Senate. Ex: Crime Bill of 1994 and Welfare Reform Act of 1996 had to go through a conference committee. Many bills must be resolved in this manner. Committee makeup is determined by the percentage of party representation in each house.

21. + The Committee System Each house has a party system that organizes and influences the members of Congress regarding policymaking decisions. Majority and minority leaders of both houses organize their members using whips (assistant floor leaders). Whips are responsible for keeping party members in line and having an accurate count of who will be voting for/against a bill.