1. Assignment Create your own Civilization 28 minutes and 52 seconds

2. Knowledge Checkpoint Where was Mesopotamia? How were people in Mesopotamia able to control both flooding and drought How did the development of methods to control water lead to the formation of governments? Why did Sumerian scribes move up the social classes How did Sargon I able to conquer all od Sumer and Northern Mesopotamia? Why is the Hittite culture considered a blended culture? Describe the Assyrian system of gov’t and how did it maintain peace? What were the cultural achievements of the Chaldeans and the Phoenicians?

3. HEBREWS AND JUDAISM Chapter 2.3

4. 2.3The Early Hebrew The Hebrews were the ancestors of the people called Jews Originally nomadic they moved into the Fertile Crescent between 2000-1500 BCE Much of what we know come from their writers Judaism- Jewish religions

5. 2.3 The Early Hebrew The Hebrew Fathers  Torah- Judaism's most sacred book  Torah traces Hebrews back to Abraham- a shepherd that lived in Ur in Mesopotamia  According to the Torah God made a covenant with Abraham and promised to lead his descendent to a Promise land and make them mighty  Abraham moved to Canaan  His grandson Jacob had 12 sons who were the ancestors of 12 tribes  Jacob was also called Israel they tribes were called the 12 tribes of Israel  Their descendants were called the Children of Israel  Modern Jews consider Abraham his son Isaac and his son Jacob their ancestral fathers

6. 2.3 The Early Hebrews Moses and the Exodus  Torah tells the story of the Israelites years of turmoil as slaves in Egypt  A leader Moses arose among them and demand the pharaoh give them their freedom  Pharaoh refused, according to the Torah God rained down a series of plagues and the Pharaoh released them  In a story called the Exodus Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt Modern Jews remember the Exodus by celebrating Passover  The Israelites wandered in the desert  According to the Torah God led Moses to Mount Sinai and gave him the 10 commandments These commandments have influenced western values and laws for centuries

7. 2.3 The Early Hebrews Promised Land  The Torah says the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years  They believed God Promised them Canaan and battled for it for many decades  Once they gained control the land became known as Israel

8. 2.3 The Kingdom of Israel In Canaan the Israelites settled in scattered communities Mostly by the 12 tribes They did not have central government, rather each community had judges to enforce laws According to the Torah one of the most effective judges was a woman, Deborah According to the Torah prophets appeared to keep the Israelite focused on their faith

9. 2.3 The Kingdom of Israel Saul, David, and Solomon  1000’s BCE the Philistines a powerful people in the Mediterranean attack Israel.  Because they had to fight them off it made Israel unite under one king, Saul  Saul was never able to win the full support of his people  David who was the second king in 1000 BCE wad loved  Israel grew strong under his leadership and made their capital in Jerusalem  David’s son Solomon Israel reached the height of its wealth and influence. Mainly through trade

10. 2.3 The Kingdom of Israel Division and Conquest  Solomon died in 931 BCE  Conflict over who should be king ripped Israel in two  10 tribes in the north stayed together and remained Israel  2 tribes to the south became Judah  722 BCE Israel fell to the Assyrians and scattered the people throughout their empire  Judah fell to the Chaldeans in 586 BCE  Brought thousands of Jews to Babylon as slaves  50 years this started the Diaspora the scattering of the Jews outside Judah  Persia Conquered the Chaldeans  Persia let the Jews return to Jerusalem  Many Jews stayed in Babylon or moved into Persia

11. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE Chapter 2.4

12. 2.4 Growth and Organization Persia Under the Medes  Persian and Medes were both Indo-Europeans tribes originally from Central Asia  Settled in modern day Iran  Medes conquered the Persians  Allowed the Persians to keep their own leaders if they didn’t rebel

13. 2.4 Growth and Organization Cyrus the Great  Cyrus the II aka Cyrus the Great become the leader of the Persians in 559BCE  He defeated the Medes and united them and the Persians under his rule  He captured Lydia, Ionia, Asia Minor, and then the Chaldeans  When captured a region he allowed them to keep their customs  This made people respect him  Jews admired Cyrus because he allowed them to rebuild their temples in Jerusalem  530 BCE Cyrus died and at the time he ruled the largest empire in the world  Cambyses II (his son) became emperor  Conquered Egypt  Tyrant and madman  When he was in Egypt he died and left Persia without a ruler

14. 2.4 Growth and Organization Darius I  Restored Persia after Cambyses death  He reorganized and strengthened the empire  Made a permanent army and retrained them  Ten thousand Immortal  Darius won new lands in the east and tried but failed to conquer Greece  Darius changed the govt  Chose governors (satraps) to help him rule  Kings eyes and ears  First coined minted  Encouraged traded  Built roads  Highest point of Persian Empire

15. 2.4 Growth and Organization Persia in Decline  Xerxes, son of Darius  He invaded Greece in hopes to succeed where his father failed but he also failed  Xerxes was the last strong Persian emperor, after his death rebellion began and trade slowed  330’s BCE Greek King Alexander the Great conquered Persia

16. 2.4 Persian Achievements Persian Empire was huge and crossed most of Asia Because of leader like Cyrus and Darius who conquered many people groups the cultural began to blend Communication  Rulers in Persia needed to know what was happening elsewhere in the empire in order to make decisions  They made high quality roads that linked every part of the empire  Longest of the roads was the Royal Road, world’s first highway (1,500 miles)

17. 2.4 Growth and Organization Art and Architecture  Admired for their Art  Animals were common decoration and used to adorn the walls of palaces and temples  Persepolis was a city that was a monument to Darius I and the greatness of the Persian empire

18. Knowledge Checkpoint

19. Homework In groups of two create a time line for Chapter 2. Find all the events that have dates and place them on your time line in chronological order