2.  Dutch explorer Henry Hudson  Route to China  Sailed inland from New York  2 nd trip with England  Sailed into Canada

3.  Water route through North America to Europe  John Cabot  Sailed for England  Landed in Newfoundland  2 nd trip = Cabot was never seen again  Giovanni da Verrazzano  Sailed for French  Explored Atlantic coastline  Jacques Cartier  Sailed for French  St. Lawrence river to present day Montreal

4.  Angered because of violation of Treaty of Tordesillas  Attacked the French Huguenots in Florida  French were brutally massacred  Spain vs. England  Religious and national power  Elizabeth I (protestant) angered Spain (Catholic) ▪ Wanted to challenge Spain’s naval power ▪ Sea Dogs attacked Galleons that brought riches back from America ▪ Sir Francis Drake- led a 3 yr voyage around the world attacking Spanish ports and ships in South America

5.  130 ships set out to destroy England  Met in English Channel  Armada was forced to retreat (hit by horrible storm on way home) = not many survived  1) England remains independent and Protestant  2) Spain was able to be defeated

6.  Northwest passage exploration failed  Focus shift to the Americas  Samuel de Champlain (French)  Explored St. Lawrence River  Fur trading post in Quebec = first permanent French settlement (New France)  Dutch building New Netherland (along Hudson River in present day New York)  Bought island from Natives (called in New Amsterdam)  Thrived from fur trade with Natives

8.  Funded and maintained by joint-stock companies  Virginia company offered 4/5 of all riches found in companies to it’s investors  3 ships : Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed (150 people)  Settled in Virginia in Jamestown

9.  “There was no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold.”  John Smith  Contaminated river water = disease  Followed by hunger and lack of cooperation by the colonists  Winter and only 38 people left  “You must now obey this law,… he that will not work shall not eat.”  Powhatan Indians helped provide food  John Smith was badly burned and returned to England  600 people arrived in Jamestown  Powhatan begin to destroy farms and kill livestock  Famine struck = 60 colonists survived

10.  Colonists began to leave by sailing down James river  Met a ship that convinced them to turn around  Jamestown becomes stable, tobacco becomes important  John Rolfe (creates high quality tobacco through cross breeding different kinds)  1.5 mil lbs. of “brown gold” exported  Needed field labor = development of head rights  How would this be good for wealthy people?  Development of indentured servants

11.  First treated as indentured servants  Slaves would cost more money  Paid and currency in tobacco  Limited indentured servants  Began to import slaves in large numbers

12.  Desire for more land  English had no desire to grant culture to Native Americans  Jamestown demanded food, took hostages, burned villages, etc.  Pocahontas was captured (Married John Rolfe) ▪ Half hearted peace  Wanted more land for tobacco growing  Powhatan Indians began to fight back  Jamestown became a Royal Colony

13.  Indentured servants had no land, little money, and no voting rights  Became upset with Sir William Berkeley (governor) ▪ Levied high taxes – wasn’t used for public good  Native Americans began to fight with western frontier settlers (became a blood bath) ▪ Berkeley refused to send military support to fight

14.  Nathaniel Bacon took this refusal to heart  Raised army to fight Native Americans on western frontier  Berkeley says army is illegal  Bacon marches on inner Jamestown and rebels end up attacking  Rebellion caused king to look at government  Berkeley recalled to England to explain himself but died before he reached mainland