1. Keep in mind at the end of the chapter we want to be able to answer: What was the situation when Native peoples and Europeans first came into contact? - - How did Native peoples contribute to France’s settlement and use of the territory here?

2.  1. European Explorations in America  At the end of the 15 th century, European countries were frustrated with their efforts to pass through both Italy and Turkey in order to trade with Asia. Blockades had prevented them from travelling by land.  A water route across the Atlantic (now that it was believed that the earth was round) would be beneficial.  They could also transport more goods in new ships called caravels.

3.   To find a sea (maritime) route that would lead to Asia.  To create colonies and empires to compete in Europe.  To find precious metals to increase its wealth.  To evangelize Native peoples. The King of France felt it was the duty of the Catholic church and his duty as a Catholic king. 2. The Objectives of Exploration

6.  Early Explorer’s  Christopher Columbus (Spain 1492)  John Cabot (England 1497) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fahLfUsHehQ

7.  Later Explorers  Giovanni da Verrazano (France 1524)  Jacques Cartier (France 1534) https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage- minutes/jacques- cartier?media_type=41&media_category=31

8.   European fishermen regularly visited the eastern coasts of North America. They were drawn to the Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland. This region was very rich in fish, especially COD. Cod was netted, brought to shore, salted, and then dried in the sun.  Whales were also captured off the coast of Labrador. Their blubber was shipped to Europe and used to make paint, soap and particularly oil for heating and lighting homes. 3. European Fishing and Whaling

9. *** THEY CAME FOR THE FISH AND STAYED FOR THE ??

10.   Natives came into contact with Europeans on the coast when they came to fish. With time they established trade relations and engaged in barter. They bartered mostly FURS with the Europeans in return for the following items: Glass beads, copper pots, axes, knives, hammers, nails & clothing. ** These were mostly goods that made their daily lives easier.  The furs were sold in Europe and became a significant source of revenue. The trade of this resource is associated with the beginnings of colonization in what is now Canada. 4. Early Trade between Natives and Europeans

11.   Traditional hunting habits changed due to the increasing demand of furs by the Europeans. They had less time to fish and hunt because they became occupied with the fur trade. They had to supplement their diets with other food.  At times tensions and conflict would arise amongst Native nations because of the ever increasing European presence and economic partnership with particular groups.  Trade also had an impact on the environment as many fur bearing animals became hunted in certain regions. 5. Trade from the Native peoples’ perspective

12.   J.C. made 3 voyages to North America. Orders from the King of France were to find a route to Asia and discover resources and riches. . 6. Jacques Cartier’s Voyages DateWhat happened? First Voyage1534Claimed land for the King of France by raising cross in Gaspe. Second Voyage1535Got as far as Hochelaga (Montreal). Couldn’t go further due the Lachine Rapids. Stayed the winter in Stadacona (Quebec City). Many men died and conflict with the Iroquoians developed. Third Voyage1536Captured chief Donnacona. Found fool’s gold and quartz. (Not gold & diamonds)

13.   In his last voyage Cartier’s was ordered to evangelize native peoples and create a settlement along the Saint-Laurent. He was put under Roberval’s commands.  He built two forts near the Riviere du Cap-Rouge. They were called “Charlesbourg-Royal ”. This was the first settlement attempt near Quebec city.  Cartier thought he found gold and diamonds and rushed back to France a year later (but they were actually fool’s gold and quartz, and were of little value).  By 1543 Roberval went back to France with the remaining population. Winters were too harsh and war back in France meant they had to halt exploration and settlement efforts. 7. Cap-Rouge and Cartier’s Last Voyage

15.   At the end of the 1500’s, the interest in the fur trade resumed. This prompted France to make attempts at colonizing North America once again. 1. Sable Island (1599-1603) 160 km off the coast of Nova Scotia. A group of 60 colonists (criminals, beggars, and soldiers) attempted to live there. There was little vegetation, so they relied on French supplies. Only 11 survived. Another failure. 2. Ile Saint-Croix (1603-1607) Located in the Bay of Fundy. The harsh winters and isolation forced the group to move to Port Royal (Nova Scotia). The colony was shut down by 1607 due to lack of trade and financial difficulties. But one of the colonists was a man by the name of Samuel de Champlain …and he learned from this! 8. Other French colonization attempts in eastern North America

16. A look at settlement attempts

17.   Natives were better hunters and knew the land, without their collaboration, the French hunters could not have met the demands for furs, nor would they have survived.  The first trading post was in Tadoussac (1600). This was created because of the increasing demand for furs back in France.  A trading post is a specific location where furs were stored and where Native people and Europeans traded furs and goods.  The French formed an alliance with the Innu, Algonquin, and Maliseet nations. This alliance ensured natives with European goods and offered a military partnership with the French.  This alliance also allowed the French to settle in other Native areas. These Native groups became the intermediaries between the French with other native tribes. The French ensured their fur supply through this alliance. 9. Closer relations between Native peoples and the French

18.  First Trading Post in Tadoussac