1. CHAPTER 10 LESSON 2 Nationalism and Political Revolutions

2. Bellringer

3. Objective Students will understand how liberalism and nationalism presented a challenge to conservatism in Europe during the 1830s-1840s.

4. Question **What political goal did nationalism embrace?**

5. Answer That each nationality should have its own government. Example: In the Austrian Empire, you had Germans, Poles, Croats, Serbs, Ukrainians, Romanians, Slovaks, Czechs all living under one rule. These nationalities all believed that they should have their own governments, achieved through revolution.

6. Quick Review (Cups) True or False: Conservatism is a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion True or False: Conservatives hated revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted either individual rights or representative governments.

7. Conservatism (Review) Remember, after the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna sought to restore stability throughout Europe by reestablishing conservative governments to maintain the old order (this meant that kings and royal families were restored back to their positions of power). This would create a balance of power effect were no one country could overtake another in Europe.

8. Europe after the Congress of Vienna

9. Revolutions of the 1830s

10. France’s Revolution in 1830 King Charles X attempted to sensor the press and take away voting rights from the middle class. This led liberals to overthrow the king and establish a constitutional monarchy. Louis-Philippe would take the throne and head the government until 1848.

11. Primary Source (End Day 1) “... [L]isten to the voice of your King, and maintain the Constitutional Charter,... but to obtain this object, I must freely exercise, and cause to be respected, the sacred rights which belong to my Crown, which are the guarantee of public peace and of your liberties.” —Charles X, King of France, June 1830 Question: According to Charles X, upon what did the peace and liberties of France depend? Which eligible voters in 1830 would have opposed this proclamation? What did they do?

12. Bellringer (Day 2) “We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule.... We want to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development.” - Count Cavour, 1852 Question: What action did Cavour recommend in the except?

13. Revolutions of 1848 Despite liberal and nationalist success in France and Belgium, the conservative order still dominated much of Europe. However, in 1848, this would be challenged.

14. Objective for the Revolutions of 1848 Students will understand how liberalism and nationalism presented a challenge to conservatism in Europe during the 1830s-1840s. Students will understand the results of the revolutionary uprisings that occurred throughout Europe in 1848.

17. French Revolution of 1848 **Causes: 1) economic depression that brought hardship on the lower middle class, workers, and peasants; and 2) King Louis-Philippe refused to extend the right to vote to the middle class. **Result: a French republic was formed, governed by a constitution. The republic was called the Second Republic, and had a single legislature that was elected by universal male suffrage, meaning all men could vote in elections.

18. French Revolution of 1848 The first president elected under the new constitution was Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of the famous Napoleon.

19. Revolt in German States The French Revolution of 1848 lead to upheaval in other parts of Europe In Germany, there were 38 independent German states. Of these, Austria and Prussia were the two great powers. In 1848, change prompted many German rulers to promise constitutions, a free press, jury trials, and other liberal reforms.

20. Frankfurt Assembly An all-German parliament, called the Frankfurt Assembly, was held to fulfill a liberal and nationalist goal – the preparation of a constitution for a new unified Germany. **The Frankfurt Assembly would ultimately fail to gain support, and German unification was not achieved.

21. Revolutions in Central Europe The Austrian Empire was a multinational empire, meaning, a collection of different peoples including, Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbs, Ukrainians, and some Italians.

23. Revolutions in Central Europe Within the Austrian Empire, the German- speaking Hapsburgs ruled a wide variety of nationalities. In 1848, demonstrations erupted in major cities. After making some concessions to the revolutionaries, the Austrian government moved to reassert its control. By 1849, the revolutions had been defeated.

24. Revolts in Italian States The Congress of Vienna had set up 9 states in Italy, which were controlled by various European powers. In 1848, Italian revolutionaries sought liberal constitutions and a unified Italy. However, by 1849, the revolt was put down by the Austrians.

25. Were they successful in achieving their goals?

26. Page 185, The Failures of 1848 Question (Claim, Cite, Clarify): Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail? Question: How could the revolutions have succeeded? Question: Where in Europe did revolutionaries succeed in 1848? Question: How did nationalism present a challenge to conservatism during the 1830s and 1840s?

27. Primary Source Question “Young Italy is a brotherhood of Italians who believe in a law of Progress and Duty, and are convinced that Italy is destined to become one nation... Young Italy is Unitarian– Because, without unity, there is no true nation. Because, without unity, there is no real strength; and Italy, surrounded as she is by powerful, united and jealous nations, has need of strength before all things....” Question: What is the author trying to say here?