3. DIFFERENT CULTURES & THEIR APPROACH TO HUMAN RIGHTS.

4.  It is important to know the following:  1. In the western democracies ;  *the philosophical foundation of the concept human rights is a product of the Greek philosophy, Roman law, Judeo-Christian tradition and the humanism of reformation.  * Human rights as an issue was tackled firstly through the “ Magna Carta “ 1215, the Bill of Rights 1689 and the French Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen. 1789.  * The American Bill of Rights had shared the French Declaration with a good part of its roles.

5. 2. THE UNIVERSAL TRADITION.  Each state and culture has its own share in human rights; ancient Egypt, the code of Hammurabi King of Babylon, etc.  In 1968 UNESCO published collection of texts to demonstrate the universality of human rights.

6. 3. THE SOCIALIST CONCEPT.  The author found that, after the revolution in Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union itself; no propose would be served by explaining the term human rights, but only to know what still followed in China and a number of states.  In addition to that, the relation of the citizen and the state as well as the national economy are different and they are determined by the socialist production relations, where the state represents the interest of the people. And the people can have no rights against the state which believes only in its absolute sovereignty and refuses any form of international control over its actions. So the individual owes it utter obedience.  Here the author found a similarity between the socialist dectorin of state sovereignty and the dectorin of state fallibility ( state can do no wrong ) in the west, both are applied nationally or internationally; and that have the acceptance of the United Nations Charter, and other international law instruments. 

7. 4. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES & HUMAN RIGHTS.  It is true that rights which are considered important in the west are not suitable elsewhere and it may be luxuries.  So this draw our attention to a question :  Is there a set of human rights of universal applicability?  That was the debate of 1993 world conference in Vienna specially with the Asian states.  The Asian states suggested that, the western version of human rights fails to take account of distinctive elements in their religious and political cultures, so it can not be fully accepted.

8.  On this issue the author suggested to take the subject seriously and not to scratch the surface of the subject, also he believes that, such state is unrepresentative government for its citizens and just it is trying to keep its power, secondly he thought that, the western views of human rights are composed of many historical features and philosophies, so he assumed that, the world conference declared; all the human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated.

9. THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS.  1. the abolition of slavery 19 th century, USA laws, the treaty of Paris 1814 and the role of the League of Nations 1926.  2. Humanitarian law “ will be discussed later”  3. The protection of minorities since the Peace Conference 1919,