2. Chapter 11 Wall and Ceiling Framing

3. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Identify the main parts of a wall frame. Explain methods of forming the outside corners and partition intersections of wall frames. Show how rough openings are handled in wall construction. Explain plate and stud layout. Describe the construction and erection of wall sections and partitions. Objectives

4. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. List the materials commonly used for sheathing. Demonstrate the process of ceiling frame construction. Explain the benefits of using advanced framing. Explain what SIPs are and how they are erected. Estimate materials required for wall frames, ceiling frames, sheathing, studs, and headers. Objectives (Cont.)

5. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Vertical and horizontal members that support outside and inside walls Also supports upper floors, ceilings, and roof Partitions do not carry any structural load Nail sizes often referred to by length and gauge Wall Framing

6. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Parts of Wall Frame Sole plates, top plates, studs, headers, and sheathing are used in platform construction Trimmer studs bear direct weight of header OSB or plywood used for exterior walls provides rigidity

7. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Corners Corners are formed when sidewall and end wall are joined Use straight studs only Can be built from –Three full studs –Blocking or no blocking –2 × 6 framing with 2 × 4 for inside corner

8. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Partition Intersections Should be solidly fastened to outside walls Install extra studs in outside wall and attach partition Insert blocking and nailers between regular studs Use blocking between regular studs and attach nailers or backup clips

9. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Rough Openings Sizes are listed in door and window schedule Headers support weight of building across door and window openings Headers are also required across openings in load-bearing partitions Kasten-Weiler Construction

10. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Alternate Header Construction Flat blocking can replace cripple studs Header size can be increased to completely fill space to plate Shrinkage may cause cracks above openings

11. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Headers are often sized to fill space above rough openings Thermal bridge may result Add layer of rigid foam insulation between header’s layers or to exterior face Thinking Green

12. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Sole plates, top plates are same size as studs Length is size that can be easily lifted off floor Attach sheathing after wall is up if lifted by hand Locate joints over studs Carefully check layouts before cutting and framing Plate Layout

13. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Second Exterior Stud Wall Follow same procedure as first outside wall First stud from corner post must allow edge of panel to be flush with outside edge of siding

14. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Long measuring stick created on job Represents wall frame with height markings for horizontal members Story Pole

15. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Wall Sections Assembled on edges on rough flooring Plates, studs, headers, and rough sills are nailed in place Wall sheathing is often applied to frame before it is raised

16. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Wall Sheathing Applied before roof framing has begun Adds strength and rigidity to wall frame Materials –Plywood –OSB –ZIP System –Gypsum

17. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Erecting Wall Sections One-story wall sections can be raised by hand Large sections require crane or other equipment Temporary diagonal bracing may be used Make adjustments in position of sole plate before nailing North Bennett Street School, Boston

18. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Be sure wall section is in correct location before raising it Have bracing ready to be attached Have extra help available for large sections Make sure each worker knows what to do Safety Note

19. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Partitions Built when outside wall frame is complete Bearing partitions support ceiling and roof Roof and floor trusses require no other support than outside walls Kasten-Weiler Construction

20. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Nonbearing Partitions Do not require headers above openings May be soundproofed Openings for heating ducts are cut and framed Extra joists and blocking support bath tubs

21. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Plumbing in Walls May require special construction Partitions may have to be wider Lateral runs of pipe may require drilling holes or notching studs North Bennett Street School, Boston

22. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Bracing Needed so exterior walls can resist lateral (sideways) loads Metal strap bracing is widely used Plywood and OSB shear panels may be used for strength and rigidity

23. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Double Top Plate Adds support under ceiling joists and rafters Lap-jointed for strength wherever they intersect Metal ties help secure building to its foundation for stronger frame

24. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Walls need to be straightened and braced between corners –Tack one block at each end of wall –Tightly stretch line between two blocks –Using third block as gauge, align wall and brace it Manufactured braces can also be used to align walls Straightening Walls

25. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Use platform type of construction Floor joists for upper levels may be carried on ribbons let into studs Plans prescribe type of construction Accurate story poles show full-size layouts of vertical distances for all levels Tri-Level and Split-Level Framing

26. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Special Framing Structures may have features that require special framing –Bay windows may be prefabricated or built by carpenter –Soffits close in space between ceiling and tops of cabinets

27. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Multistory Floor Framing Framing upper floors is similar to framing first floor Joists are placed on top of double plate along with headers Joists may be fastened to plate with steel anchors or toenailed

28. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Ceiling Framing System of support for all components of ceiling Ceiling joist sizes are determined by span and spacing Ceiling joists usually run across narrow dimension of structure Kasten-Weiler Construction

29. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Parallel Ceiling Joists Outside members may interfere with roof slope Stub ceiling joists are butted to full-length joists in such areas Special blocking is used to anchor partitions to ceiling frame

30. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Strongbacks L-shaped supports constructed of 2″ lumber Attached across tops of joists to strengthen them Even up bottom edges of joists so ceiling is not wavy after drywall is applied

31. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Advanced Framing Uses 2 × 6 studs spaced 24″ O.C. Uses structural OSB or plywood Replaces wood with insulation wherever practical Constructs corners so they can be fully insulated

32. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Thermal envelope protective shell –Curbs unwanted air leakage –Allows energy conservation Advanced framing techniques (AFTs) –Minimize waste –Eliminate redundant lumber use without weakening structures Thinking Green

33. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Structural Insulated Panels Panels made with –OSB or plywood sheathing on exterior –Insulating foam core –Structural panel –OSB on inside (usually) Can be used for walls and roofs Walls can be assembled and then hoisted into place

34. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Housewrap Thin, tough, plastic sheet material applied to exterior walls Prevents movement of air into or out of building Prevents water from entering structure Allows interior water vapor to escape

35. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Wall and ceiling framing materials –Find total lineal feet of walls –Add length of each wall and partition Plates –Multiply total figure by three for double top plate –Multiply by two for single top plate –Add about 10% for waste Estimating Materials

36. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Count one stud (spaced 16″ O.C.) for each lineal foot of wall space Material for headers must be calculated by analyzing requirements for each opening Ceiling joists are estimated by same method used for floor joists Estimating Studs

37. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Estimating Example Measurements –240′′wall length –12 corners –10 intersections –20 openings –Framing is 16″ O.C.

38. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Begin by identifying which headers will be doubled or built-up If trimmers are being used, add 3″ (1 1/2″ for trimmer at each side of opening) For LVL, add several inches to total for saw kerfs For dimensional lumber, add all lengths and divide by 10 to find number of 10′ pieces required Estimating Headers

39. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Find total perimeter of structure Multiply figure by wall height to find gross square footage Divide by square footage per sheet Net area = 1060 sq. ft. Fiberboard sheet size = 4′ × 8′ = 32′ sq. ft. No. of sheets needed = 1060 ÷ 32 = 33.1 (round up to 34) Estimating Wall Sheathing

40. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Construction Careers Framing Carpenter Works with wood to fabricate floors, walls, and roof framing Works for building or specialty contractors or is self-employed Acquires skills through –On-the-job training –Vocational school programs –Apprenticeships Lakeview Images/Shutterstock