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Chemical Equilibrium التوازن الكيميائي Chapter 14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Equilibrium is a state in which there are no observable changes as time goes by. التوازن هي الحالة التي لاتوجد فيها تغيرات ملحوظه مع مرور الوقت Chemical equilibrium is achieved when: the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant التوازن الكيميائي يتحقق عندما : معدلات ردود الفعل الأماميه والعكسيه متساويه وتراكيز المتفاعلات والنواتج تظل ثابته Physical equilibrium H 2 O (l) Chemical equilibrium N2O4 (g)N2O4 (g) 14.1 H 2 O (g) 2NO 2 (g)
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N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) Start with NO 2 Start with N 2 O 4 Start with NO 2 & N 2 O 4 equilibrium 14.1
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constant
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N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) = 4.63 x 10 -3 K = [NO 2 ] 2 [N 2 O 4 ] aA + bB cC + dD K = [C] c [D] d [A] a [B] b Law of Mass Action 14.1
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K >> 1 K << 1 Lie to the rightFavor products Lie to the leftFavor reactants Equilibrium Will K = [C] c [D] d [A] a [B] b aA + bB cC + dD 14.1
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Homogenous equilibrium applies to reactions in which all reacting species are in the same phase. التوازن المتجانس ينطبق ع التفاعلات ف جميع أنواع ردود الفعل ف المرحله نفسها N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) K c = [NO 2 ] 2 [N 2 O 4 ] K p = NO 2 P2P2 N2O4N2O4 P aA (g) + bB (g) cC (g) + dD (g) 14.2 K p = K c (RT) n n = moles of gaseous products – moles of gaseous reactants مولات من المنتجات الغازيه – مولات من المتفاعلات الغازيه = (c + d) – (a + b) In most cases K c K p
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Homogeneous Equilibrium CH 3 COOH (aq) + H 2 O (l) CH 3 COO - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) K c = ‘ [CH 3 COO - ][H 3 O + ] [CH 3 COOH][H 2 O] [H 2 O] = constant K c = [CH 3 COO - ][H 3 O + ] [CH 3 COOH] =K c [H 2 O] ‘ General practice not to include units for the equilibrium constant. التدريب العام لا يشمل وحدات من أجل التوازن الثابت 14.2
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The equilibrium concentrations for the reaction between carbon monoxide and molecular chlorine to form COCl 2 (g) at 74 0 C are [CO] = 0.012 M, [Cl 2 ] = 0.054 M, and [COCl 2 ] = 0.14 M. Calculate the equilibrium constants K c and K p. تركيزات التوازن للتفاعل بين أول أكسيد الكربون والكلور الجزيئي لتشكيل إحسبي ثابت التوازن CO (g) + Cl 2 (g) COCl 2 (g) Kc =Kc = [COCl 2 ] [CO][Cl 2 ] = 0.14 0.012 x 0.054 = 220 K p = K c (RT) n n = 1 – 2 = -1 R = 0.0821T = 273 + 74 = 347 K K p = 220 x (0.0821 x 347) -1 = 7.7 14.2
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The equilibrium constant K p for the reaction التوازن المستمر للتفاعل is 158 at 1000K. What is the equilibrium pressure of O 2 if the P NO = 0.400 atm and P NO = 0.270 atm? 2 2NO 2 (g) 2NO (g) + O 2 (g) 14.2 K p = 2 P NO P O 2 P NO 2 2 POPO 2 = K p P NO 2 2 2 POPO 2 = 158 x (0.400) 2 /(0.270) 2 = 347 atm
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Heterogenous equilibrium applies to reactions in which reactants and products are in different phases. التوازن الغير متجانس ينطبق التفاعلات ف النواتج والمتفاعلات وهي ف مراحل مختلفه CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) K c = ‘ [CaO][CO 2 ] [CaCO 3 ] [CaCO 3 ] = constant [CaO] = constant K c = [CO 2 ] = K c x ‘ [CaCO 3 ] [CaO] K p = P CO 2 The concentration of solids and pure liquids are not included in the expression for the equilibrium constant. تركيز المواد الصلبه والسائله النقيه الغير مندمجه ف تعبير ثوابت الإتزان 14.2
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P CO 2 = K p CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) P CO 2 does not depend on the amount of CaCO 3 or CaO 14.2
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Consider the following equilibrium at 295 K: The partial pressure of each gas is 0.265 atm. Calculate K p and K c for the reaction? NH 4 HS (s) NH 3 (g) + H 2 S (g) K p = P NH 3 H2SH2S P= 0.265 x 0.265 = 0.0702 K p = K c (RT) n K c = K p (RT) - n n = 2 – 0 = 2 T = 295 K K c = 0.0702 x (0.0821 x 295) -2 = 1.20 x 10 -4 14.2
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A + B C + D C + D E + F A + B E + F K c = ‘ [C][D] [A][B] K c = ‘ ‘ [E][F] [C][D] [E][F] [A][B] K c = KcKc ‘ KcKc ‘‘ KcKc KcKc ‘‘ KcKc ‘ x If a reaction can be expressed as the sum of two or more reactions, the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction is given by the product of the equilibrium constants of the individual reactions. إذا كان تفاعل يمكن التعبير عنه بأنه مجموع إثنين أو أكثر من التفاعلات, الثابت المتزن عن المتفاعل العام هو الذي يعطيه المنتج للثابت المتزن ف التفاعلات الفرديه 14.2
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N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) = 4.63 x 10 -3 K = [NO 2 ] 2 [N 2 O 4 ] 2NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) K = [N 2 O 4 ] [NO 2 ] 2 ‘ = 1 K = 216 When the equation for a reversible reaction is written in the opposite direction, the equilibrium constant becomes the reciprocal of the original equilibrium constant. عندما تكون المعادله لمعكوس التفاعل تكتب ف الإتجاه المعاكس, وثابت الإتزان يصبح متبادل لثابت الإتزان الأصلي 14.2
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Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions كتابه عبارات ثابت الإتزان 1.The concentrations of the reacting species in the condensed phase are expressed in M. In the gaseous phase, the concentrations can be expressed in M or in atm. 2.The concentrations of pure solids, pure liquids and solvents do not appear in the equilibrium constant expressions. 3.The equilibrium constant is a dimensionless quantity. 4.In quoting a value for the equilibrium constant, you must specify the balanced equation and the temperature. 5.If a reaction can be expressed as a sum of two or more reactions, the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction is given by the product of the equilibrium constants of the individual reactions. 14.2
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14.3 Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium A + 2B AB 2 kfkf krkr rate f = k f [A][B] 2 rate r = k r [AB 2 ] Equilibrium rate f = rate r k f [A][B] 2 = k r [AB 2 ] kfkf krkr [AB 2 ] [A][B] 2 =K c =
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The reaction quotient (Q c ) is calculated by substituting the initial concentrations of the reactants and products into the equilibrium constant (K c ) expression. حاصل التفاعل يحسب عن طريق إستبدال التراكيز للمنتجات والمتفاعلات ف ثوابت الإتزان المعبره IF Q c > K c system proceeds from right to left to reach equilibrium يبدأ النظام من اليمين إلى اليسار لتصل إلى الإتزان Q c = K c the system is at equilibrium النظام وصل للإتزان Q c < K c system proceeds from left to right to reach equilibrium يبدأ النظام من اليسار إلى اليمين ليصل إلى الإتزان 14.4
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Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations حساب تركيزات التوازن 1.Express the equilibrium concentrations of all species in terms of the initial concentrations and a single unknown x, which represents the change in concentration. 2.التعبير عن التراكيز المتزنه من جميع الأنواع, من حيث التراكيز الأولى والغير معروفه والذي يمثل التغير ف التركيز 3.Write the equilibrium constant expression in terms of the equilibrium concentrations. Knowing the value of the equilibrium constant, solve for x. 4.كتابه ثابت الإتزان للتعبير من حيث التراكيز المتزنه ومعرفه قيمه ثابت الإتزان 5.Having solved for x, calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all species. 6.بعد حل الأكس نحسب التراكيز المتزنه لجميع الأنواع 14.4
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At 1280 0 C the equilibrium constant (K c ) for the reaction Is 1.1 x 10 -3. If the initial concentrations are [Br 2 ] = 0.063 M and [Br] = 0.012 M, calculate the concentrations of these species at equilibrium. Br 2 (g) 2Br (g) Let x be the change in concentration of Br 2 Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) 0.0630.012 -x-x+2x 0.063 - x0.012 + 2x [Br] 2 [Br 2 ] K c = (0.012 + 2x) 2 0.063 - x = 1.1 x 10 -3 Solve for x 14.4
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K c = (0.012 + 2x) 2 0.063 - x = 1.1 x 10 -3 4x 2 + 0.048x + 0.000144 = 0.0000693 – 0.0011x 4x 2 + 0.0491x + 0.0000747 = 0 ax 2 + bx + c =0 -b ± b 2 – 4ac 2a2a x = Br 2 (g) 2Br (g) Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) 0.0630.012 -x-x+2x 0.063 - x0.012 + 2x x = -0.00178x = -0.0105 At equilibrium, [Br] = 0.012 + 2x = -0.009 Mor 0.00844 M At equilibrium, [Br 2 ] = 0.062 – x = 0.0648 M 14.4
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If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially offset as the system reaches a new equilibrium position. إذا كان ضغط خارجي يتم تطبيق النظام ع الإتزان, والنظام يضبط ف هذه الطريقه وذلك أن الإجهاد يتم تعويضه جزئيا عن النظام الجديد ليصل إلى موقف الإتزان Le Châtelier’s Principle مبدأ لي شاتيلير Changes in Concentration N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) Add NH 3 Equilibrium shifts left to offset stress 14.5
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Le Châtelier’s Principle Changes in Concentration continued ChangeShifts the Equilibrium Increase concentration of product(s) زياده تركيز المنتج Left يسار Decrease concentration of product(s) نقصان تركيز المنتج Right يمين Decrease concentration of reactant(s) نقصان تركيز المتفاعل Increase concentration of reactant(s) زياده تركيز المتفاعل Right يمين Left يسار 14.5 aA + bB cC + dD Add Remove
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Le Châtelier’s Principle Changes in Volume and Pressure تغير الضغط والحجم A (g) + B (g) C (g) Change Shifts the Equilibrium Increase pressure زياده الضغط Side with fewest moles of gas تتجه لجانب المولات الغازيه الأقل Decrease pressure نقصان الضغط Side with most moles of gas تتجه لجانب المولات الغازيه الأكثر Decrease volume نقصان الحجم Increase volume زياده الحجم Side with most moles of gas تتجه لجانب المولات الغازيه الأكثر Side with fewest moles of gas تتجه لجانب المولات الغازيه الأقل 14.5
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Le Châtelier’s Principle Changes in Temperature تغير درجه الحراره Change Exothermic Rx الطارد Increase temperature زياده الحراره K decreases تنقص Decrease temperature نقصان الحراره K increases تزداد Endothermic Rx الماصه K increases زياده K decreases نقصان 14.5 colder hotter
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uncatalyzedcatalyzed 14.5 Catalyst lowers E a for both forward and reverse reactions. التقليل من المحفز للمتفاعلات سواء للأمام وللخلف Catalyst does not change equilibrium constant or shift equilibrium. المحفز لا يغير من ثابت الإتزان ولا تحوله Adding a Catalyst إضافه محفز does not change K لاتغير does not shift the position of an equilibrium system لا تغير من موقف نظام الإتزان system will reach equilibrium sooner نظام الإتزان يصل قريبا Le Châtelier’s Principle
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Chemistry In Action Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production K c = [HbO 2 ] [Hb][O 2 ] Hb (aq) + O 2 (aq) HbO 2 (aq)
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Chemistry In Action: The Haber Process N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) H 0 = -92.6 kJ/mol
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Le Châtelier’s Principle ChangeShift Equilibrium Change Equilibrium Constant Concentration الثابت yesno Pressure الضغط yes no Volume الحجم yes no Temperature درجه الحراره yes Catalyst المحفز no 14.5
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