1. HS 620 Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Marijuana

2. Objectives ► Stimulants ► Hallucinogens ► Marijuana ► Debate ► Should Marijuana be legalized for medical purposes? ► Should Marijuana be legalized for recreational purposes? ► Group Activity – Critique a research article

3. Drugs of Abuse Stimulants Stimulants Depressants Depressants Opioids Opioids Hallucinogens Hallucinogens Inhalants Inhalants Cannabinoids Cannabinoids

5. History 1940: WWII used to treat battle fatigue (pep pills) 1940: WWII used to treat battle fatigue (pep pills) 1950’s: Elevate mood 1950’s: Elevate mood 1960’s: Peak use 1960’s: Peak use 1970’s/80’s: Replaced by cocaine/crack 1970’s/80’s: Replaced by cocaine/crack 1990’s to Present – Crystal Meth 1990’s to Present – Crystal Meth

6. Central Nervous System Stimulants ► Drugs that speed up activity in the brain and sympathetic nervous system ► Effects similar to the ‘fight or flight’ reaction ► May stimulate movement, fidgeting, talking, and produce intense feelings of euphoria and create a sense of well-being ► Examples are: ► Cocaine ► Amphetamines ► Caffeine

7. Stimulants History: History: 1930’s: Benzedrine is used in inhalers, used as a cure for many of illnesses. 1930’s: Benzedrine is used in inhalers, used as a cure for many of illnesses.

8. Typical Use of Stimulants Increase alertness Treatment of Narcolepsy Weight loss aid.

9. Stimulant Overdose Agitation Agitation Increase in body temperature Increase in body temperature Hallucinations Hallucinations Convulsions Convulsions Cardiac or respiratory arrest (death) Cardiac or respiratory arrest (death) Deaths due to an overdose on amphetamines occur after a high fever. Amphetamines alter the part of the brain responsible for regulating body temperature. Deaths due to an overdose on amphetamines occur after a high fever. Amphetamines alter the part of the brain responsible for regulating body temperature.

10. Withdrawal from Stimulants Apathy Apathy Long periods of sleep Long periods of sleep Irritability Irritability Depression Depression Disorientation Disorientation “Crash” “Crash”

11. Cocaine * Plant derived stimulant (Coca plant) * Plant derived stimulant (Coca plant) *Leaves are reduced to a cocaine paste (highly potent-no recreational use). *Leaves are reduced to a cocaine paste (highly potent-no recreational use). *The paste is treated form to cocaine hydrochloride (less potent, can’t be smoked). *The paste is treated form to cocaine hydrochloride (less potent, can’t be smoked). *Crack: Cocaine hydrochloride is *Crack: Cocaine hydrochloride is reduced to its base and combine with baking powder. reduced to its base and combine with baking powder.

14. Cocaine Popular Nicknames ► Blow ► Coke ► Crack ► Rock ► Snow

15. Cocaine Short-Term Effects  extreme happiness and energy  mental alertness  hypersensitivity to sight, sound, and touch  irritability  paranoia—extreme and unreasonable distrust of others  Large amounts of cocaine can lead to bizarre, unpredictable, and violent behavior.  https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine

16. Cocaine Short-Term Effects ► dilated pupils ► nausea ► raised body temperature and blood pressure ► faster heartbeat ► tremors and muscle twitches ► restlessness

17. Cocaine Long-term Effects Depend on the method of use and include the following:  snorting: loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, frequent runny nose, and problems with swallowing.  consuming by mouth: severe bowel decay from reduced blood flow.  needle injection: higher risk for contracting HIV, hepatitis C, and other bloodborne diseases. However, even people involved with non-needle cocaine use place themselves at a risk for HIV because cocaine impairs judgment, which can lead to risky sexual behavior with infected partners  All can lead to malnourishment due to decreased appetite

18. Cocaine: Route of Administration RouteDuration of High RouteDuration of High Snort30 to 45 minutes Snort30 to 45 minutes IV10 to 20 minutes IV10 to 20 minutes Free-base (smoke)5 to 10 minutes Free-base (smoke)5 to 10 minutes Crack (smoke) 5 to 10 minutes Crack (smoke) 5 to 10 minutes Cocaine's effects appear almost immediately and disappear within a few minutes to an hour. How long the effects last and how intense they are depend on the method of use. Cocaine's effects appear almost immediately and disappear within a few minutes to an hour. How long the effects last and how intense they are depend on the method of use.

19. Cocaine Doses ► Cocaine Hydrochloride: 25 mg to 100 mg 25 mg to 100 mg ► Crack: 250mg to 1 gram 250mg to 1 gram

20. Cocaine Overdose ► Cocaine overdose often leads to:  Heart attack  Stroke  Seizure

21. Drug Testing for Cocaine A urine test will detect cocaine for up to 12 hours after use. A urine test will detect cocaine for up to 12 hours after use. A urine test will detect the cocaine metabolite for up to 2 weeks after use. A urine test will detect the cocaine metabolite for up to 2 weeks after use.

22. Cocaine Personality ► Reckless ► Rebellious ► Low tolerance for frustration ► Craving for excitement ► Risk-Taker ► Personal or family history of depression

23. Cocaine and The Brain ► Stimulates the part of the brain responsible for pleasure and well- being. ► Depletes Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors ► Strong reinforcing psycho-active effect.

24. Cocaine Withdrawal 3 Stage Model: 3 Stage Model: 1. Crash-occurs 9 hours to 4 days after first use (depression, extreme tiredness). 1. Crash-occurs 9 hours to 4 days after first use (depression, extreme tiredness). 2. Withdrawal-1 to 10 weeks after last use (depression, strong cravings) 2. Withdrawal-1 to 10 weeks after last use (depression, strong cravings) 3. Extinction Phase- can last indefinitely. (periodic craving, bouts of depression) 3. Extinction Phase- can last indefinitely. (periodic craving, bouts of depression)

25. Crystal-Methamphetamine ► High powered psycho- stimulant ► Typically produced in home labs in rural areas

26. Crystal-Methamphetamine ► Route of administration: snorted, inject, smoke, oral ► Immediate effects, with total absorption taking up to 4 hours ► Effects are similar to Cocaine

27. Faces of Meth ► http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJIjWlLa 8MU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJIjWlLa 8MU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJIjWlLa 8MU

28. Ritalin ► Central nervous system stimulant ► Activates dopamine. ► When taken orally it has mild to moderate stimulant properties ► When snorted or injected it has a strong stimulant effect.

29. Ritalin ► Ritalin is used in the treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and in the treatment of narcolepsy. ► Prescriptions for Ritalin have increased more than 600% over the past five years and a significant portion of these prescriptions are diverted for illicit non- medical use.

30. Hallucinogens Any of several drugs called psychedelics, that produce sensations such as distortions of time, space, sound, color, and other bizarre effects. LSD Mescaline Psilocybin (mushrooms) MDMA (Ecstasy) PCP

31. LSD LSD ► Discovered in 1938  Lysergic acid which is a byproduct of a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. ► 1949 first studies in the U.S. ► 1950’s large quantities used for scientific studies  pyscho-theraputic aid

32. LSD LSD ► # 1 hallucinogen of abuse ► ROA: oral/absorption ► Form: Capsule, liquid, blotter paper  colorless, odorless, bitter taste ► Duration: 4 to 12 hours  peak 2 to 3 hours ► Dose:  1990’s 20 to 80 mcgs.  1960’s 100 to 200 mcgs.  Takes a minute to cause a reaction

33. LSD LSD EFFECTS EFFECTS ► UNPREDICTABLE ► DEPEND ON DOSE, USER’S PERSONALITY, AND SETTING ► RAPID MOOD SWINGS ► HALLUCINATIONS ► MIS-PERCEPTIONS OF STIMULI  HEARING COLORS- SEEING SOUNDS

34. LSD/Acid Trip 3 PHASE EFFECT 3 PHASE EFFECT 1: SOMATIC 1: SOMATIC -CNS STIMULATION -CNS STIMULATION -INCREASE IN BODY -INCREASE IN BODY TEMP. TEMP. -INCREASE IN BLOOD -INCREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART PRESSURE AND HEART RATE RATE 2: SENSORY DISTORTION 2: SENSORY DISTORTION 3: PSYCHIC 3: PSYCHIC -CHANGES IN MOOD -CHANGES IN MOOD -PANIC REACTIONS -PANIC REACTIONS -PSYCHOTIC EPISODES -PSYCHOTIC EPISODES https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOzjzlfcej 0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOzjzlfcej 0 LSD trips can be good and bad Good trips have overall sense of happiness and euphoria. Bad trips lack feelings of euphoria and positive hallucinations. Bad trip feelings range from anxiety and entrapment/scare that the experience will never end to insanity and complete loss of self- identity

35. LSD: Long Term Use ► Psychiatric Illness ► Disruption of personality LSD reduces the normal person’s ability to control emotional reactions-drug induced alterations of perception can be so intense, they overwhelm the individual’s ability to cope. LSD reduces the normal person’s ability to control emotional reactions-drug induced alterations of perception can be so intense, they overwhelm the individual’s ability to cope.

36. LSD FLASHBACKS: Caused by a similar stimulus NOT a latent chemical reaction. LSD

37. Psilocybin Over 200 species of mushrooms produce this substance Effects are similar to a short acting LSD trip  anxiety  sensory distortion  emotional swings Dose: 1 to 5 grams (when dried)

38. Ketamine Rapid acting anesthetic -used in pediatric burn cases; dentistry -animal tranquilizer ROA: oral/inject/smoke/snorted Duration: 1 to 6 hours, 24 hours for full recovery Effects: numbness, respiratory depression, exaggerated sense of strength and invulnerability, hallucinogen effects, paranoia

39. PCP ► Rapid acting anesthetic used for animals ► ROA: smoke/oral/snort/inject ► Duration: Smoke-peak effect 15 minutes; Oral - peak effect 2 hours ► Effects: bizarre and violent psychiatric reactions, agitation, psychotic episodes, suicide. ► Only hallucinogen that elicits cravings

40. MDMA: Ecstasy ► Synthetic Hallucinogen/Amphetamin e-derivative ► Similar to mescaline/ methamphetamine ► ROA: Oral/inject/smoke ► Duration: 6 to 8 hours

41. MDMA: Ecstasy ► EFFECTS: ► Heightened sense of “closeness” with others; ► Increased heart rate, dry mouth, sweating (increase body temperature), sleep problems, muscle tension ► Confusion, anxiety, post- use depression

42. Marijuana

43. History ► Used as a form of medication ► 1800’s wide spread use in France ► Pre-1890 hemp is the #1 cash crop in the South. ► 1920’s increase in use for recreation

44. 1930’s ► 1930’s anti- marijuana crusades ► MARIHUANA is "a more dangerous drug than heroin or cocaine."

45. 1960’s ► Increase in the use of marijuana ► Seen as an act of rebellion by “adults”

46. 1970s & 1980s ► Research found medical uses ► Popularity peaked by 1980 and then waned

47. Today ► Use is on the rise ► Rise of the Legalization Movement ► Medical uses of Marijuana

48. Marijuana Classified as “an other drug” Psychoactive chemical--THC Produces: mild euphoria sedation lethargy short-term memory impairment distorted sensory perceptions distorted sense of time impaired coordination increase in heart rate

49. Effects of Marijuana Use ► ROA: Smoke, oral ► Effects are almost immediate ► Peak effects occur within the 1 hour after use. ► Levels drop quickly, but can still be detected up to 12 hours after use in the blood stream.

50. Hashish ► Potent form made from resin taken from surface of leaves and stems. THC content of 7- 14%.

51. Ganja ► Taken from the dried flowering tops from female plants. THC content of 4-8%. ► Sensemilla is a potent form of Ganja. It is made from the dried flowering tops before the fm plant is pollinated by the males.

52. Urine Testing Urine testing is completed to identify the metabolites of THC. Urine testing is completed to identify the metabolites of THC. These metabolites can be detected in the body for 30 to 45 days. These metabolites can be detected in the body for 30 to 45 days.

53. Tolerance Tolerance develops rapidly, but disappears rapidly too. Tolerance develops rapidly, but disappears rapidly too. Withdrawal symptoms may include restlessness/agitation, Withdrawal symptoms may include restlessness/agitation, irritability, insomnia, nausea, loss of appetite. irritability, insomnia, nausea, loss of appetite. Potential for Dependence: Potential for Dependence: Mild -- Physical Mild -- Physical Moderate -- Psychological Moderate -- Psychological

54. Healthy Teens Longitudinal Study Marijuana Use and Academic Performance 54

55. 30-day Prevalence of Marijuana Use 55

56. Marijuana Use Across Grades 56

57. Marijuana Trajectory Groups 57

58. Marijuana Trajectory Groups 58

59. Marijuana Trajectory Groups 59 Increasing-High, 10%

60. Marijuana Trajectory Groups 60 Abstainers Increasing-Low Significantly more boys than girls Increasing-High Significantly more boys than girls

61. Reported Dropout Rates by Marijuana Trajectory Group 61 OverallAbstainers Increasing- Low Increasing- High N=619n=492n=71n=56 Dropout At or before Grade 12 18%14%33%28% Significantly lower number of students than expected reported the behavior, p<.05 Significantly higher number of students than expected reported the behavior, p<.05

62. DEBATE

63. Marijuana should be legalized for health-related purposes: What do you think?

64. Marijuana should be legalized for recreational purposes